After Jerusalem, the Third Crusade arrived. After two years of war with Richard the Lionheart, Saladin signed a peace and went home to Damascus to die.

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This is the closing episode of the four-part Saladin series. After the fall of Jerusalem in October 1187, Saladin made one strategic mistake that the chronicler Ibn al-Athir said was the worst of his career: he could not take the fortress port of Tyre, and Tyre became the bridgehead that brought the Third Crusade to the Holy Land. Three of the most powerful kings in Christendom took the cross. Frederick Barbarossa drowned in a Cilician river in June 1190. Philip Augustus arrived at the siege of Acre and went home. Richard the Lionheart, twenty-nine years old, arrived in June 1191 with siege engines, treasure, and a passion for war that the Mosul-born chronicler Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad, watching him from across the lines, called surpassed every other thing.

Saladin and Richard fought for two years and never met in person. The siege of Acre lasted twenty-three months. The Battle of Arsuf in September 1191 was the first pitched battle Saladin lost since Hattin. Richard advanced twice toward Jerusalem and twice turned back. The two kings exchanged gifts even as their armies killed each other, Richard sending knighting ceremonies to Saladin's brother al-Adil, Saladin sending Richard fresh fruit and snow from Mount Hermon when the English king was sick, and two Arabian horses when Richard's mount was killed at Jaffa. The Treaty of Ramla, signed in September 1192, was a compromise neither side liked: Jerusalem stayed Muslim, the coastal cities stayed Frankish, Christian pilgrims received free access to the Holy Sepulchre.

Five months later, on the fourth of March 1193, Saladin died in Damascus, attended by Ibn Shaddad, his brother al-Adil, and a Quran reciter who reached the verse "He is God, there is no god but He" at the moment the Sultan's face brightened and he let go. When the household officials opened the treasury to pay for the funeral, they found forty-seven Nasiri dirhams of silver and one Tyrian gold coin. The funeral expenses were paid by borrowing. The shroud was bought on credit.

The episode closes by tracing how the West remembered him: Dante placing him in Limbo with Aristotle and Plato, Lessing's Nathan the Wise, Walter Scott's Talisman, Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven. And how the Islamic tradition has always remembered him: not as a Western gentleman, but as a mujahid, a teacher's student who finished his teacher's work, and a man whose treasury, in the end, was the proof that a Muslim ruler's life is measured by what he gives away, not what he keeps.

The boy who had been born in flight from Tikrit died at home in Damascus. The story closes the way it began. A man at the end, with what he carried.

Sources: Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad's al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya (the primary firsthand witness for the entire 1188 to 1193 arc, the source of the forty-seven dirhams, the portrait of Richard, the snow from Hermon, and the deathbed scene), Imad al-Din al-Isfahani's al-Fath al-Qussi, Ibn al-Athir's al-Kamil fi'l-Tarikh, Abu Shama's al-Rawdatayn, with modern scholarship from Lyons and Jackson, Anne-Marie Edde, John Gillingham's Richard I, and Carole Hillenbrand's The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives.

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This is the climax episode of the Saladin series. On the fourth of July, 1187, on a twin-peaked hill in Galilee called the Horns of Hattin, the army of the kingdom of Jerusalem was destroyed in a single afternoon by exhaustion, smoke, thirst, and the patient battlefield management of Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub. Twelve thousand Crusader knights and infantry were dead or prisoners by sundown. The True Cross, the gold-encased relic carried before every Frankish field army for eighty-eight years, was in Muslim hands. The king of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan, was a captive in Saladin's tent. And in that tent, on the evening of the fourth of July, Saladin fulfilled an oath he had sworn four years earlier on the shores of the Red Sea. Reynald de Châtillon, the lord of Kerak who had built ships in his fortress and sailed them at the grave of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), was killed in front of the king of Jerusalem. The mechanics vary by source. The act does not.

Within seven weeks of Hattin, the kingdom of Jerusalem collapsed. Tiberias, Acre, Sidon, Beirut, Nablus, Bethlehem, fortress after fortress, town after town, all fell. By the twentieth of September, Saladin was before the walls of Jerusalem. By the second of October, the city was his, on terms negotiated by the Frankish noble Balian of Ibelin, on the anniversary of the night of the Prophet's Night Journey from Mecca to al-Aqsa. The first khutba in eighty-eight years was preached the following Friday in the Aqsa mosque, from a minbar that Nur al-Din had commissioned in Aleppo in 1168 in the faith that this day would come.

This episode walks slowly through the Saffuriya war council, the march through the waterless plain, the brush fires of the night before, the cup of iced water in the tent, the execution of the Templars and Hospitallers by Sufis on the morning after the battle, the cascade of cities, the siege of Jerusalem, the negotiations with Balian, the cleansing of the Dome of the Rock, and the contrast with what the Crusaders had done in 1099. The mercy of 1187 is unintelligible without the massacre of 1099, and the Islamic tradition has always known this.

Sources: Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad's al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya, Imad al-Din al-Isfahani's al-Fath al-Qussi fi'l-Fath al-Qudsi (the only true Arabic eyewitness account of the conquest of Jerusalem), Ibn al-Athir's al-Kamil fi'l-Tarikh, Abu Shama's al-Rawdatayn, with modern scholarship from Lyons and Jackson, Anne-Marie Edde, and Carole Hillenbrand's The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives.

Content Warning: This episode contains the Battle of Hattin (heat exhaustion, thirst, smoke, slaughter), the execution of Reynald de Châtillon, the ritual execution of approximately two hundred Templars and Hospitallers, and the description of the 1099 Crusader massacre of Jerusalem (Imad al-Din's account: blood ankle-deep in the alleys, the burning of the synagogue with the Jews inside).

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In the spring of 1175, the Abbasid khalifa in Baghdad recognized Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub as Sultan of Egypt, Syria, and the Maghrib. He was thirty-seven years old. The Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem sat just over the river, watching him, waiting for him to come. He did not come for another twelve years.

This second episode of the Saladin series covers the long middle years, 1175 through 1186, that most narratives skip. We follow the two assassination attempts by Rashid al-Din Sinan's Hashashin, both of which nearly killed Saladin and one of which left him sleeping in mail for a year. We follow the siege of Masyaf in 1176 and the famous Ismaili tradition of the dagger on the pillow, pinned through a loaf of bread, with a verse warning that no place on earth would hide him from the Old Man of the Mountain. We follow his patient absorption of the Zengid territories of northern Syria — Homs, Hama, Baalbek, Aleppo, and finally Mosul in 1186 — not by conquest, but by marriage and treaty and the deliberate refusal to win every fight.

And we follow Reynald de Châtillon. The Crusader knight who spent sixteen years in an Aleppine prison, ransomed in 1176, and who, in the winter of 1182 and 1183, built ships in his fortress of Kerak, carried them by camel across the desert to Aqaba, and sailed them into the Red Sea — sacking the Egyptian Hajj ports and reaching within a day's march of Medina. It was an attempt on the Prophet's grave, and Saladin's response was to swear, in the early months of 1183, that if God ever put Reynald into his hand, he would kill him with that hand. The oath sat unfulfilled for four years.

When the truce was broken in late 1186 and Reynald seized the great caravan from Egypt, the patience was over. In March 1187 Saladin called the muster of every Muslim emir from Aleppo to the Yemen. The army that had been built one fortress at a time was now riding for Galilee.

Sources: Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad's al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya, Ibn al-Athir's al-Kamil fi'l-Tarikh, Imad al-Din al-Isfahani's al-Barq al-Shami, Abu Shama's al-Rawdatayn, with modern scholarship from Lyons and Jackson, Anne-Marie Edde, Bernard Lewis, Farhad Daftary on the Hashashin tradition, and Carole Hillenbrand's The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives.

Content Warning: This episode contains assassination attempts, the execution of Crusader prisoners at Mina during the Hajj in retaliation for the Red Sea raid, and the death of Saladin's older brother in the 1148 siege of Damascus.

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