Expert in the economics of organizations, Professor Richard Langlois, joins us to explore how and why firms decide between internal production and market transactions. Drawing on Ronald Coase’s foundational theory of transaction costs, Langlois explains that companies “make or buy” based on which option is less costly and more effective, a question that underpins the broader structure of firms, ownership models, and vertical integration. He argues that the dominance of large, vertically integrated corporations in the mid-20th century was less about inherent superiority and more a response to poorly functioning markets during the Great Depression, World War II, and heavy financial regulation. As markets—especially capital markets—improved through deregulation, many conglomerates unwound in what Langlois calls the “vanishing hand,” a shift back toward market coordination and specialization. The conversation also examines why today’s tech giants like Amazon and Apple succeed with integration, attributing it to scale, platform dynamics, modularity, and fine-tuning advantages rather than old-style conglomerate logic. Langlois further discusses innovation, the debate over whether transformative breakthroughs are slowing, and the importance of organizational knowledge and capabilities as the foundation for growth. The episode highlights how firms must strategically balance integration, outsourcing, and core competencies in a constantly evolving market environment.

Karl Pichler, CFO of Sourceability Global Holdings and former CFO of Rackspace, shares insights from more than 25 years as a public company executive, investor, and educator. We discuss Karl’s evolution from corporate finance expert to enterprise leader, covering his role in scaling Rackspace from $80 million in revenue to over $2 billion, through an IPO and eventual sale to Apollo Global Management. This episode features a practical discussion of capital allocation and value measurement best practices—exposing the limitations of EBITDA and ROIC—and discussing how corporate leaders can truly balance growth and return on capital to optimize long-term value creation.

J. Michael Bruff, CFO of Envision Healthcare and a veteran finance and operating executive, joins us to discuss the core attributes of effective CFOs. We discuss internal controls, Michael’s broad functional and operational experience, and the importance of a deep understanding of how financial statements work together to drive lasting value. Michael shares insights from his time at Varian Medical Systems, where the company shifted its capital allocation priorities from buybacks to life-saving R&D, ultimately quadrupling its compounded revenue growth rate and nearly doubling its share price in just three years. The conversation covers how value-based incentive and allocation frameworks lead to agile and disciplined decision-making. This episode offers practical guidance for leaders seeking to improve capital allocation, strategic clarity, and value creation.