For our Season 1 finale, Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle welcome Mary Kate Cary — UVA's Assistant Vice President and Deputy Chief of Staff in the Office of the President, founder and director of Think Again (the civic education initiative that created Disagree with a Professor), and a UVA alumna who spent her early career writing speeches at the White House for President George H.W. Bush.

The conversation spans the art and science of persuasion, the existential threat AI poses to education, the timeless power of audience analysis, the Monroe Motivated Sequence, classroom games you wish existed in every school — and one of the more spirited stick-shift debates ever recorded.

IN THIS EPISODE:

• Season 1 finale welcome and host introductions
• Meet Professor Mary Kate Cary: UVA administrator, founder of Think Again, and the architect of the Disagree with a Professor concept
• From UVA undergrad to the White House: her third job out of college was as a speechwriter for President George H.W. Bush
• The two courses Professor Cary teaches at UVA — Political Speechwriting and Greatest Speeches in American History — and how student feedback during COVID reshaped the curriculum
• Why oratory — not term papers — is the most transferable skill in higher education: audience analysis, persuasion, and lifetime application
• AI as an existential threat to education: why oratory is harder to outsource than a written assignment
• Can AI still write a speech? Professor Cary's test: cover the top of the page and identify the speaker
• Makayla pushes back: attention spans are shrinking — is great oratory a lost art?
• Monroe's Motivated Sequence: the five-step framework used by every great persuader since ancient Greece — and why the human brain hasn't changed even as platforms have
• Soundbite wars, "Give Me Back My Stuff," and other classroom exercises that teach rhetoric by doing
• The Stick Shift Debate: Professor Cary argues every new American driver should learn manual — and defends the position against three skeptical college students
• Driverless cars, grid vulnerability, and the national security case nobody expected
• Wrapping up the season: a final reflection on what it means to disagree with respect
• Season 1 farewell — and a look ahead to Season 2

MENTIONED IN THIS EPISODE:

• Speaking of America — docuseries on the greatest speeches in American political history (produced through Think Again / UVA)
• Monroe Motivated Sequence — developed by Professor Alan Monroe at Purdue in the 1920s
• Peggy Noonan — speechwriter and author, referenced in discussion of soundbites
• Obama's 2008 election night speech, "Yes We Can"

Music: "Dispersion Relation" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License Disagree With a Professor is created by Think Again at the University of Virginia, with production support from Awkward Sage Media. Connect with us: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkagain.uva/

Can a machine have free will? The question sounds like science fiction — but Professor David Danks, who holds a distinguished professorship spanning philosophy, AI, and data science at the University of Virginia, thinks it’s one of the most important questions we face right now.

In this episode of Disagree With a Professor, hosts Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle sit down with Professor Danks to interrogate his central claim: that present-day AI systems possess roughly as much free will as human beings. His argument hinges on a key philosophical distinction — between freedom (the ability to have acted differently) and free will (the foundation of moral responsibility) — and on philosopher Harry Frankfurt’s influential argument that responsibility doesn’t actually require alternative possibilities.

The conversation covers a lot of ground. How much of what we value did we actually choose? Why do we make impulsive decisions we later regret, and do AI systems experience anything like that internal conflict? When a Waymo self-driving car causes an accident, who — or what — is on the moral hook? And what do we do about Silicon Valley’s relentless “can we build it?” mentality when the better question is whether we should?

Music: "Dispersion Relation" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License Disagree With a Professor is created by Think Again at the University of Virginia, with production support from Awkward Sage Media. Connect with us: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkagain.uva/

Ever wondered what it's like to disagree with a professor face-to-face?

In this bonus minisode, hosts Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle pull back the curtain on the live events that inspired their podcast. They share memorable conversations from the University of Virginia's civil discourse initiative, discuss why students fear speaking up in class, and explore a controversial debate about marriage that revealed the power of nuanced conversation. If you've ever felt intimidated to challenge an expert or wondered how to disagree without being disagreeable, this episode is for you.

Music: "Dispersion Relation" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License Disagree With a Professor is created by Think Again at the University of Virginia, with production support from Awkward Sage Media. Connect with us: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkagain.uva/

What if every college student had to take a philosophy class? And what if thinking about your own death every single day was actually good for you?

In this episode of Disagree With A Professor, student hosts Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle bring the statements, and Professor Carah Ong Whaley disagrees with them. Join us for two back-to-back discussions on philosophy education and mortality.

With guest: Professor Carah Ong Whaley — Lecturer, Department of Politics & Executive Director, Better Choices for Democracy, University of Virginia

WHAT WE COVER

- Should philosophy be a required course for all college students?

- How do you maintain curriculum quality when scaling a mandate to thousands of students?

- What does philosophy actually teach — and why does it matter for AI, democracy, and everyday reasoning?

- Is thinking about your own death every day healthy or harmful?

- How mortality awareness connects to religion, risk-taking, and political behavior

- What alternatives exist to death-as-motivation — and do they work as well?

- The difference between individual grounding practices and societal-scale effects

GUEST BIO

Professor Carah Ong Whaley is a Lecturer in the Department of Politics at the University of Virginia and Executive Director of Better Choices for Democracy, a nonpartisan organization focused on improving democratic participation and decision-making. Her research intersects political behavior, civic education, and electoral integrity.

Music: "Dispersion Relation" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License Disagree With a Professor is created by Think Again at the University of Virginia, with production support from Awkward Sage Media. Connect with us: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkagain.uva/

Veganism, Ghosts & the Folding of Time | with UVA Professor Scott Miller

What happens when a certified vegan, trained historian, and finance professor sits down with three students who came prepared to push back?

This week, Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle sit down with Professor Scott Miller -- Assistant Professor of Business Administration at UVA's Darden School, Director of the Democracy and Capitalism Lab, and faculty fellow at the Miller Center -- for a conversation that covers more intellectual ground than we expected.

Professor Miller walks through his "Scott Miller Pyramid" of veganism: three layered arguments, from a Yuval Harari thought experiment about Elon Musk's future super-creatures, to the environmental and animal sentience cases, to a theological argument rooted in the Garden of Eden. Then things get genuinely weird.

Armed with a Sharpie and a folded piece of paper, Professor Miller makes the case that ghosts aren't supernatural at all -- they're what happens when Einstein's malleable time folds two people from different eras into the same space. Plus one of our hosts shares her own skinwalker encounter.

It's an episode about intellectual humility -- and why dismissing something as irrational might be the most irrational move of all.

Music: "Dispersion Relation" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License Disagree With a Professor is created by Think Again at the University of Virginia, with production support from Awkward Sage Media. Connect with us: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkagain.uva/

What if democracy didn’t require a single vote?

In Episode 5, hosts Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle sit down with Prof. Evan Pivonka — lecturer in Constitutionalism and Democracy at UVA — to debate some genuinely provocative ideas about power, education, and the future of civic life.

First: the case for abolishing elections. Prof. Pivonka introduces “sortition” — randomly selecting local and state officials the way we select jurors. It’s been used across Europe, traces back to ancient Athens, and might be more representative than what elections produce. Or it might be a disaster. The hosts push back hard.

Then: Professor Pivonka reveals he banned laptops from his seminar last semester, replaced all written essays with 30-minute one-on-one oral exams, and calls it one of the best semesters of his career. His students agreed unanimously. But can that policy last?

Finally: should students be learning to write — or learning to prompt? And if AI is the future, is sheltering students from it in the classroom actually setting them back?

Guest: Prof. Evan Pivonka, Lecturer in Constitutionalism & Democracy, UVA Department of Politics

Topics: sortition, democracy, voting, civic education, laptops in class, AI in education, ChatGPT, oral exams, UVA

Timestamps:

[00:00] Introduction

[00:58] Meet Prof. Evan Pivonka

[01:45] The case for abolishing voting — sortition explained

[05:00] Inexperience, legitimacy, and the democracy problem

[09:00] Civic education and who’s actually prepared to govern

[13:00] Fundraising, partisanship, and declining institutional faith

[16:30] Banning laptops from the UVA classroom

[21:00] AI in education: threat or tool?

[27:00] Using AI well vs. using it to coast

[30:30] Closing thoughts

Disagree With A Professor is a student-led podcast from the University of Virginia where students respectfully challenge professors and experts on the ideas that shape our world. Hosted by Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle.

Music: "Dispersion Relation" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License Disagree With a Professor is created by Think Again at the University of Virginia, with production support from Awkward Sage Media. Connect with us: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkagain.uva/

What separates murder from terrorism? When does surveillance technology protect us versus invade our privacy?

In this episode, UVA students Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle sit down with Professor Ashley Waters-Gundersen. Gundersen, a UVA School of Law lecturer and former special counsel for Intelligence Affairs with the New York City Police Department, to tackle two of the most controversial legal questions of our time.

Part 1: The Luigi Mangione Case Professor Waters-Gundersen explains why she believes Luigi Mangione's alleged murder of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson constitutes terrorism under New York state law—even though a judge dismissed those charges. The conversation explores:

• What legally qualifies as "terrorism" vs. murder
• How ideology and intent shape criminal prosecution
• The three legal bases for terrorism charges (you only need one)
• Why this statute is rarely invoked and what that means for precedent
• Whether violent protestors with political aims could face similar charges

Part 2: Facial Recognition in Law Enforcement Drawing from her NYPD experience, Professor Waters-Gundersen makes a surprising argument: properly regulated facial recognition technology can enhance civil liberties rather than erode them. Topics include:

• Why eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable
• The guardrails needed to prevent surveillance technology abuse
• How private companies already use facial recognition (and why that matters)
• When it's justified to monitor someone who hasn't committed a crime
• Comparing U.S. law enforcement practices to mass surveillance models abroad

Key Moments:

• The judge's decision to dismiss terrorism charges—and why Professor Waters-Gundersen disagrees
• "If you have a violent criminal act motivated by ideology, that's textbook terrorism"
• Why limiting facial recognition to mugshot databases might actually be less fair
• The students push back: "Don't you think the line gets blurry with ideology?"
• A rare moment of minds changing: when students reconsider their surveillance stance

About Our Guest: Professor Ashley Waters-Gundersen is a lecturer at UVA School of Law, teaching courses on balancing public safety and civil liberties. Before joining UVA, she served as special counsel for Intelligence Affairs with the New York City Police Department and later as counsel to the NYPD Police Commissioner.

This episode demonstrates what civil discourse looks like—students engaging respectfully with expertise while maintaining critical thinking, admitting when they've changed their minds, and proving that "no legal expertise" doesn't mean you can't participate in important conversations.

TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 - Introduction and Guest Introduction 01:00 - Luigi Mangione Case Discussion Begins 02:00 - Legal Definitions: Second vs First Degree Murder 04:00 - The Terrorism Enhancement Explained 05:00 - Debate on Terrorism Charges and Intent 07:00 - The Role of Manifesto and Evidence 08:00 - Political Motive vs Personal Vendetta 12:00 - Precedent Concerns: What Counts as Terrorism? 15:00 - Case Studies: Terrorism Charges Success & Failure 18:00 - The Judge's Decision and What It Means 20:00 - Facial Recognition Technology in Law Enforcement 22:00 - Ethical and Privacy Concerns 25:00 - Guardrails and Policy Implementation 28:00 - Mass Surveillance vs Targeted Investigation 31:00 - Conclusion and Final Thoughts

ABOUT DISAGREE WITH A PROFESSOR: The podcast where UVA students overcome academic intimidation by having lunch-table conversations with professors and experts. Each episode tackles controversial topics through civil discourse and respectful disagreement.

Hosted by Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle.

SUPPORT THE SHOW: ⭐ Rate and review on Apple Podcasts 🔔 Subscribe for new episodes 📤 Share with someone who loves a good debate

Music: "Dispersion Relation" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License Disagree With a Professor is created by Think Again at the University of Virginia, with production support from Awkward Sage Media. Connect with us: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkagain.uva/

In this thought-provoking episode of Disagree With A Professor, UVA students Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, and Makayla Castle sit down with Professor David Leblang to tackle one of the most contentious debates in American politics: isolationism versus globalization.

Professor Leblang, the Miller Center's Randolph P. Compton Professor and Director of Policy Research, brings decades of expertise in political economy to challenge the growing isolationist sentiment in American politics. His opening statement is bold: "Isolationism leads to political and economic failure."

But the conversation quickly moves beyond simple talking points. The hosts push back with real concerns about globalization's losers—the steel workers in Pennsylvania, the communities left behind by outsourcing, and the domestic workers competing with foreign labor. They explore whether America's government has a duty to prioritize domestic winners over international ones, even if it means lower aggregate prosperity.

Key Topics Explored:

• The economic case for and against isolationism
• Trump's tariff policies and "Liberation Day"
• Winners and losers in global trade
• International students and H-1B visas
• The hidden costs of in-state vs. out-of-state tuition
• Why UVA relies on international student tuition
• Automation, AI, and the future of white-collar jobs
• Whether professors will become obsolete
• The irreplaceable value of place-based education

The conversation takes unexpected turns—from debating whether we should "staple H-1B visas to diplomas" to discussing why coding jobs might disappear faster than construction jobs. Professor Leblang makes a surprising prediction: white-collar and blue-collar workers will soon have more aligned political preferences due to technology, not trade.

In a particularly timely segment, they dissect the Trump administration's attempted ban on international students and its practical consequences for universities already struggling with state funding cuts. Leblang reveals how foreign students effectively subsidize in-state tuition—a fact most students don't know.

The episode concludes on a surprisingly hopeful note about education's future, with Leblang arguing that while many of his teaching methods may become obsolete, the residential university experience offers something AI can never replicate: human connection, critical discourse, and the humility that comes from engaging with diverse perspectives.

This is civil discourse at its best—respectful disagreement, nuanced arguments, and genuine curiosity about complex policy questions that affect all of us.

Guest: Professor David Leblang, Miller Center's Randolph P. Compton Professor and Director of Policy Research; Ambassador Henry J. Taylor and Mrs. Marion R. Taylor Endowed Professor of Politics; Professor of Public Policy at UVA's Frank Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy

Hosts: Peter McHugh, Lidia Zur Muhlen, Makayla Castle

Music: "Dispersion Relation" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License Disagree With a Professor is created by Think Again at the University of Virginia, with production support from Awkward Sage Media. Connect with us: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thinkagain.uva/