The race toward industrial-scale “general intelligence” is no longer primarily constrained by algorithms but by compute and energy. Frontier AI labs and hyperscalers are reaching the limits of available electricity, grid capacity, cooling, and semiconductor throughput. Efficiency—not size—will determine who can deploy general intelligence at scale. Metrics such as tokens-per-watt and tokens-per-FLOP now signal real productivity per unit of energy and compute. This episode examines how the shift toward energy- and compute-bounded AI development is reshaping technology, economics, geopolitics, and governance, and provides recommendations to ensure sustainable scaling.

We deep-dive into the growing problem of bias in AI and machine learning. We explain that AI bias is not a single flaw but a spectrum of issues emerging from multiple sources: historical bias embedded in past human decisions, representation bias caused by unbalanced datasets, measurement bias resulting from unfair or inaccurate proxies such as ZIP codes for creditworthiness, and algorithmic bias introduced during model training. Real-world failures—biased hiring systems, discriminatory lending tools, inaccurate facial recognition, and inequitable healthcare risk models—demonstrate how these issues lead to tangible harm.

Our discussion emphasizes that auditing AI systems is essential to prevent discrimination, maintain regulatory compliance, and preserve public trust. It outlines key mitigation strategies: pre-processing to rebalance data, in-processing to apply fairness constraints, post-processing to calibrate outcomes, and human-in-the-loop oversight for high-stakes decisions.

We stress that ethical AI requires more than technical fixes. Effective governance depends on standardized auditing practices, accountability structures, explainability, diverse datasets, and evolving regulations. Challenges include complex bias sources, resource constraints, and shifting societal expectations of fairness.

Ultimately, we argue that AI bias reflects deeper societal inequalities. Ensuring fair and equitable AI demands a blend of technological intervention, ethical principles, and cultural change. Public trust hinges on transparency, independent oversight, and open dialogue. Without meaningful action, AI risks amplifying discrimination and eroding confidence in technology; with continuous commitment, however, AI can support a more just and inclusive future.

Humanity is standing at the edge of a technological shift more profound than the arrival of the internet, the smartphone, or even electricity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) — specifically generative AI and large-scale foundation models — is transforming into the central infrastructure of global power. Intelligence itself, once scarce and biologically bound, is becoming industrialised, abundant, and infinitely scalable.