As the American economy sours, demagogues, labor leaders and politicians intensify attacks on Chinese immigrants and enflame hatred that will precipitate mass expulsions and murder on a scale that can only be described as ethnic cleansing.

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As Chinese laborers poured into the 19th century American West, many Whites saw them as an economic – and even civilizational – threat. Racist animosity, dehumanization and scapegoating precipitated the Chinese Exclusion Act, but it didn’t end there. Grassroots ethnic cleansing campaigns would terrorize Chinese up and down the West Coast, resulting in mass expulsions, violence, and sometimes, mass murder.

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When more than 30 girls sought shelter in their school’s rotting outhouse building, a floor collapse sent them plunging into what can only be described as worse than the pits of hell. ‘The Cincinnati Privy Disaster’ would be a life and death struggle in 11 years of accumulated human waste that would prove too much for many of the girls to overcome.

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