A 73-year-old female with a 20-year history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and stage 3B CKD, typically at treatment goals with oral medications, is being seen. She was discharged yesterday after being hospitalized for three days with community-acquired pneumonia and is here for a follow-up visit.

She states she's feeling much better with less shortness of breath, diminished cough, and sputum production, and is without fever. She mentions that while she was in the hospital that, quote, they changed my diabetes medicine and gave me insulin four times a day to keep my sugar controlled, close quote. A review of her discharge note reveals that rapid acting insulin was given according to blood glucose levels without scheduled basal insulin and this was used from admission to discharge.

Random glucose today is at 220. The patient asks, should I start back up on those insulin shots? I've never used them before. The NP considers with which of the following.

A. given her random blood glucose is elevated, the use of a sliding scale insulin should be continued for the next week

B. the use of a sliding scale insulin potentially results in wide glucose excursions

C. sliding scale insulin is helpful as it mimics physiologic insulin secretion

D. the sliding scale insulin regimen should now be replaced with a basal insulin

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YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pig89cLdQ5k&list=PLf0PFEPBXfq592b5zCthlxSNIEM-H-EtD&index=125

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A 60-year-old male with documented ASCVD, obesity with BMI of 34, and type 2 diabetes presents for care. The patient reports he's currently feeling well without episodes of hypoglycemia. Current laboratory assessment includes the following. A1C is 8.6 % and his estimated GFR is at 62. Current medications include metformin at optimized dose and a sulfonyl urea.

Which of the following represents the nurse practitioner's next best action?

A. continue on current therapy and arrange for a three month follow up

B. discontinue the metformin and add a DPP4 inhibitor

C. add a GLP-1 inhibitor and discontinue the sulfonyl urea

D. add basal insulin and titrate to fasting glycemic goals

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YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ybH1qcskq8&list=PLf0PFEPBXfq592b5zCthlxSNIEM-H-EtD&index=124

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A 17 yo male presents for follow up on a “fainting” episode that occurred during football practice at the end of a running exercise. He states, “I do not know what happened. We finished a set of running sprints and next thing I knew, I was on the ground.” He denies injury from the event and history of prior episodes. His physical examination reveals a crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur heart best at the apex, increasing in intensity with position change from supine to standing position.

This most likely represents:

A. Mitral regurgitation

B. Physiologic murmur

C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

D. Aortic stenosis

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