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Smith closes Book IV by dismantling mercantilism through the lens of colonial policy, monopoly, and rent seeking, then weighs physiocracy against the system of natural liberty. We trace why colonies grew despite Europe, not because of it, and how “wealth as money” broke policy and fueled war.

• mercantilism’s definition of wealth and the balance of trade myth
• monopoly and bounties as tools for concentrated gains
• chapter 7 on colonies as a case study in institutional design
• free ports versus exclusive companies and growth outcomes
• enumeration, navigation acts, and distorted incentives
• defense costs and the arithmetic of empire
• the “nation of shopkeepers” argument and public choice
• draconian wool laws, smuggling, and consumer losses
• physiocracy’s insights and errors, sector favoritism
• the system of natural liberty as Smith’s alternative

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We trace how Alex Schuessler, the once and once-again President of SmartEquip--also a scholar of expressive choice!--built a platform that makes machines more profitable by erasing the friction between parts, service, and uptime. The rental economy, Japan’s utilization model, and IoT diagnostics reveal why transaction costs, not price tags, decide who should own and who should rent.

• rental vs sharing and why property rights matter
• how serial-number specific data kills errors and downtime
• why parts discounts matter less than service speed
• Japan’s high saturation rental market and long lifecycles
• sensors, IoT, and AI for damage attribution and prevention
• decommoditizing parts through integrated workflows
• Coasean boundaries of the firm and renting incentives
• why RB Global acquired SmartEquip to span the lifecycle
• the back-office puzzle of bespoke systems vs SaaS

“Next week: Book 4, chapters 7–9 from The Wealth of Nations”

• (Parts is Parts, from Wendy's) https://youtu.be/OTzLVIc-O5E?si=Mjz8JX-Sl_sdG6bC
• SmartEquip web site: https://www.smartequip.com/schedule-demo/
• Announcement of Schuessler being (re)hired as President: https://news.ararental.org/schuessler-appointed-president-of-smartequip
• Why Japanese "used" equipment commands a premium: https://everycar-review.com/2025/08/27/voices-from-global-dealers-why-japanese-used-machinery-is-their-first-choice/

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We explore why money became the default middleman and how a modern platform can make barter practical by slashing the costs of search, matching, and trust. Founder Jassim Baqer shares the story behind Tbadel, what people actually trade, and how reputation, bundling, and scale (might) make swaps work.

• Adam Smith’s "double coincidence of wants" problem and transaction costs
• Platforms as connection engines that lower search and matching costs
• Tabottle’s origin, goals and name meaning exchange in Arabic
• How offers, counteroffers and bundles enable fair value without prices
• Building trust with profiles, ratings, in‑app messaging and reporting
• Local meetups versus future delivery options to cut transfer costs
• Why density and subcommunities unlock multi‑party and chain trades
• What trades dominate now: books, electronics, kids’ gear and services
• AI matching, alerts and global exchange as the growth roadmap
• Two‑sided market dynamics and the path to scale

Tbadel Web Site

Jassim Baqer on LinkedIn

From JJ's letter: Photos of "Parklet" in San Francisco.

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Tracing out Adam Smith’s Book IV, chapters 1–6, to show how mercantilism mistakes money for wealth, how protection creates monopolies at home, and why free exchange raises real prosperity. Smith defends two narrow exceptions—defense and tax parity—while rejecting bounties and politicized treaties that entangle trade with war.

• mercantile vs physiocratic systems and their influence
• wealth as goods and industry, not specie
• balance of trade as a “pestilent error”
• make-or-buy logic and misallocation from tariffs
• invisible hand clarified and limited
• natural vs acquired advantages in specialization
• two exceptions: national defense and tax parity on imports
• drawbacks as refunds vs bounties as subsidies
• corn bounties, higher home prices, cheaper foreign prices
• specie hoards as dams that inevitably overflow
• treaties of commerce, Methuen example, political risk
• case for unilateral free trade over reciprocity

Mentioned in the podcast:

• Laura Williams on Pineapples
• Pineapples in Sweden
• Oren Cass on Adam Smith
• Dan Klein's Law and Liberty piece on Oren Cass on Adam Smith

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We trace how Adam Smith solves a historical puzzle: why Europe’s path to prosperity inverted the “natural order,” and how commerce quietly dissolved feudal power to make room for liberty. The story follows incentives, from primogeniture and entail to charters, free towns, and the market’s “silent and insensible” revolution.

• institutions as congealed preferences and elite incentives
• why Smith’s natural order inverts in Europe
• the physiocrats’ growth model and Smith’s critique
• Solow’s technology vs North’s institutions vs McCloskey’s ideas
• Joel Mokyr's synthesis and improvement (written BEFORE he Nobel'ed!)
• feudal constraints primogeniture and entail suppressing agriculture
• towns as islands of order through charters and fixed rents
• the king–burgher alliance against barons
• merchants as improvers of land and capital risk-takers
• commerce introducing liberty and good government
• Smith’s “most important” passage and its modern relevance

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A conversation with Andrew Wagner, production and manufacturing engineer, now in aerospace, but with experience also in the auto industry.

We trace how transaction costs shape production, from Adam Smith’s pin factory to Toyota’s SMED, and why empowering workers and redesigning tools can raise quality while cutting cost. An aerospace manufacturing engineer joins us to unpack Little’s Law, line reconfiguration, and the culture that makes flexibility real.

• division of labor limited by the extent of the market
• sub shop and Chipotle as live line-balancing examples
• Smith’s three productivity drivers applied to modern factories
• Little’s Law guiding WIP, stations, and throughput
• costly line changes and capacity planning in auto plants
• meta-tools, CNC, and multi-operation automation
• stamping dies, SMED, and Toyota’s flexibility edge
• just-in-time, early error detection, and quality economics
• U.S. responses: robotics, platforms, and Deming at Ford
• NUMMI proof: same workforce, new system, better output
• CAD parametrics, modular design, and clay by robot
• structure by design: darts, curves, and manufacturability
• specialization, ergonomics, turnover, and the $5 day
• worker empowerment as applied Hayekian local knowledge
• letter on bureaucracy, spending, and the social order book pick

Some links:

• Workload modeling and "Little's Law"
• Little on Little's Law
• "Just In Time" inventory and manufacturing
• Edwards Deming's "14 Principles for Management"

Book o'da'Month: Jacques Rueff, THE SOCIAL ORDER

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This episode explores Book 2 of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, focusing on his revolutionary concept of the "division of stock" and how capital accumulation drives economic growth.

• Smith distinguishes between fixed capital (machines, buildings, land improvements) and circulating capital (money, goods in transit)
• Money is described as "the great wheel of circulation" – necessary but not productive in itself
• Banking allows society to economize on expensive metallic currency by substituting paper money
• Smith's concept of productive versus unproductive labor helps explain which activities increase national wealth
• The acquisition of skills represents "human capital" – a concept Smith pioneered centuries before Gary Becker
• Interest on loans is justified as compensation for the productive use of capital, though Smith supports moderate usury laws
• Smith identifies four employments of capital: agriculture (most beneficial), manufacturing, wholesale trade, and retail
• Smith criticizes mercantilism for privileging foreign trade over domestic production
• Division of stock and modern financial markets solve the "time travel problem" by allowing entrepreneurs to access capital without primitive accumulation

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Book Two of Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" provides the conceptual foundation for understanding how commercial society sustains growth through capital accumulation and the employment of stock. Smith challenges common misconceptions about wealth creation and offers profound insights on the role of capital in economic development.

• Capital is not capitalism – Smith wrote before "capitalism" was invented, using the term "stock" to describe accumulated resources
• Division of stock works alongside division of labor – capital must be accumulated before it can be employed productively
• Justice (protection of person, property, and promise) is prerequisite for investment – without security, people hide rather than invest their stock
• Fixed capital (tools, buildings, skills) versus circulating capital (money, wages, materials) form different branches of stock
• Money serves as "the great wheel of circulation" – facilitating exchange but not itself productive
• Banking allows society to operate with less precious metal – freeing resources for productive investment
• Productive labor creates vendible commodities while unproductive labor (government, services) perishes in performance
• Parsimony (saving) drives growth while prodigality reduces funds available for productive employment
• Interest is legitimate compensation for foregone use of capital – similar to rent on land
• Agriculture, manufacturing, wholesale trade, and retail are the four main employments of capital
• Modern financial markets solve Marx's "primitive accumulation" problem – entrepreneurs can sell shares of future profits

Let me know your thoughts on these ideas from Adam Smith in the comments below.

You can follow Mike Munger on Twitter at @mungowitz