Showing results for "Inclusion" in Metaphysics

The Critique of Pure Reason, published in 1781, by German philosopher Immanuel Kant, cornerstone of modern philosophy, is one of the most important works on metaphysics ever published and is often seen as the culmination of centuries of early-modern philosophical thought. The Critique of Pure Reason, also known as The First Critique, incorporates in-depth discussions on empirical reason, "pure" reason, human knowledge as a whole, space and time, cause and effect, and much, much more.

The World as Will and Idea by Arthur Schopenhauer presents his philosophy that reality is driven by a metaphysical will, influencing all aspects of life and existence. Schopenhauer, a German philosopher, is known for his pessimistic philosophy, emphasizing that desire causes suffering. This work has profoundly influenced both philosophical thought and literature.

Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment? is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In the December 1784 publication of the Berlinische Monatsschrift (Berlin Monthly), edited by Friedrich Gedike and Johann Erich Biester, Kant replied to the question posed a year earlier by the Reverend Johann Friedrich Zöllner, who was also an official in the Prussian government. Zöllner's question was addressed to a broad intellectual public community, in reply to Biester's essay entitled: "Proposal, not to engage the clergy any longer when marriages are conducted".

A Pluralistic Universe by the philosopher and psychologist William James (1842-1910) is based on a series of lectures held at Oxford University in 1908. James is mainly concerned with the nature of relations, stating the possibility of external relations which were excluded from monistic idealism. James maintains that we are guided by beliefs that we attempt to justify in order to keep our beliefs going.

Philosophe allemand, Arthur Schopenhauer expose sa philosophie, très tôt élaborée, dans son ouvrage majeur "Le Monde comme volonté et comme représentation" (1819) où il énonce que : "La volonté singulière d'un individu n'a qu'une existence illusoire, elle est de toutes parts immergée dans le jeu infini et absurde d'une réalité qui la dépasse et finit par la détruire".