Inventing America – Season 4, Episode 5 Josephine Cochrane – The Mechanical Dishwasher Episode Summary Progress often begins with a broken plate. In the Gilded Age, where servants handled endless chores and fragile china was easily chipped, one Illinois widow decided to build a better way. This episode explores the story of Josephine Cochrane, who in 1886 patented the first practical mechanical dishwasher. With copper boilers, wire racks, and motor-driven water pressure, she created a system that outperformed human hands. From her garden shed to the halls of the World’s Columbian Exposition, Cochrane’s invention redefined domestic labor and paved the way for the modern kitchen. What You’ll Learn • Why dishwashing in the 19th century was costly, labor-intensive, and inefficient • How Cochrane’s design used copper, wire racks, and pressurized water to protect fragile china • How her invention improved on earlier, less effective dishwashing machines • Why she marketed first to hotels, restaurants, and hospitals rather than homes • How her company evolved into KitchenAid, making dishwashers a household staple Inventor Spotlight Josephine Cochrane (1839–1913) • Born in Ohio, later settled in Shelbyville, Illinois • Socialite turned inventor after the death of her husband in 1883 • Patented the first practical mechanical dishwasher in 1886 (U.S. Patent No. 355,139) • Founded the Crescent Washing Machine Company to manufacture her designs • Exhibited her dishwasher at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago • Her company eventually became part of KitchenAid, transforming kitchens worldwide Resources & References 1. U.S. Patent No. 355,139 – “Dish-Washing Machine” (Josephine Cochrane, 1886) https://patents.google.com/patent/US355139A 2. Smithsonian Magazine – The Woman Who Invented the Dishwasher https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-woman-who-invented-the-dishwasher-180981597 3. Illinois Heritage – Josephine Cochrane’s Invention https://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/ih120602.html 4. KitchenAid – Company History https://www.kitchenaid.com/promo/about-us 5. World’s Columbian Exposition Records (1893) – Chicago Historical Society Archive https://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/expo1893

Inventing America – Season 4, Episode 4 Hobart I. Nutter – The Self-Propelled Harvester Episode Summary: Before tractors ruled the fields and machines moved on their own, one Ohio farmer imagined a better way to harvest. In this episode, we explore how Hobart I. Nutter turned sweat and soil into a mechanical revolution—by inventing the first commercially successful self-propelled combine harvester. This is the story of how one man’s rural problem became a national solution—and changed farming forever. What You’ll Learn: • Why early 20th-century harvesting was so labor-intensive • How Nutter’s invention replaced multi-step processes with a single, mobile machine • The lasting influence of Nutter’s design on modern farming equipment • How agricultural innovation often starts far from the lab Inventor Spotlight: Hobart I. Nutter • Ohio-based farmer and inventor • Patented the first self-propelled combine harvester in the 1930s • Operated the Nutter Harvester Company before his innovations were absorbed into larger manufacturers • Now largely forgotten, though his invention shaped the modern agricultural landscape Resources & References: • U.S. Patent filings by Hobart I. Nutter (1930–1934) • Agricultural history archives, Ohio Historical Society • University of Nebraska’s digital ag machinery exhibit Join the Conversation: Enjoying Inventing America? Help spread the word: 📱 Share on social media with #InventingAmerica 🌾 Support the show by following, reviewing, and recommending 💬 Got an inventor we should feature? Let us know!

Title: Bette Nesmith Graham – The Typist’s Undo Button

Episode: Season 4, Episode 3

Summary:

Before the delete key or “Ctrl+Z,” there was a bottle of white fluid and a secretary who refused to let mistakes win. In 1950s Dallas, Bette Nesmith Graham transformed a kitchen experiment into Liquid Paper, the analog “undo” button that saved typists from ruined pages. Combining artistic insight with chemical problem-solving, she built an international office empire—then used her fortune to fund women in business and the arts.

This episode explores the technical challenges behind creating a quick-drying, opaque correction fluid, the cultural shift it brought to office work, and the legacy of a woman who turned small mistakes into big opportunities.

Topics Covered:

• The challenges of correcting errors on early electric typewriters

• Bette’s artistic inspiration and first experiments with tempera paint

• Transition from Mistake Out to Liquid Paper

• The chemistry and engineering of correction fluid

• Scaling production from a kitchen to an industrial plant

• The $47.5 million sale to Gillette in 1979

• The creation of foundations supporting women in business and the arts

• Her lasting legacy in productivity tools and workplace culture

Keywords:

Bette Nesmith Graham, Liquid Paper, Mistake Out, typewriter history, correction fluid invention, women inventors, office technology, productivity innovation, 1950s inventions, Gillette acquisition, women in business history, female entrepreneurs, forgotten inventors, American inventors

Historical Context:

In an era when typewriters ruled the office, accuracy was survival for secretaries. A single typo could mean retyping an entire page. Bette’s invention, born from artistic problem-solving, saved time, reduced stress, and democratized the ability to produce clean, professional work. Long before the digital age promised second chances, she handed them out in tiny bottles of white paint.