Inventing America – Season 4, Episode 5 Josephine Cochrane – The Mechanical Dishwasher Episode Summary Progress often begins with a broken plate. In the Gilded Age, where servants handled endless chores and fragile china was easily chipped, one Illinois widow decided to build a better way. This episode explores the story of Josephine Cochrane, who in 1886 patented the first practical mechanical dishwasher. With copper boilers, wire racks, and motor-driven water pressure, she created a system that outperformed human hands. From her garden shed to the halls of the World’s Columbian Exposition, Cochrane’s invention redefined domestic labor and paved the way for the modern kitchen. What You’ll Learn • Why dishwashing in the 19th century was costly, labor-intensive, and inefficient • How Cochrane’s design used copper, wire racks, and pressurized water to protect fragile china • How her invention improved on earlier, less effective dishwashing machines • Why she marketed first to hotels, restaurants, and hospitals rather than homes • How her company evolved into KitchenAid, making dishwashers a household staple Inventor Spotlight Josephine Cochrane (1839–1913) • Born in Ohio, later settled in Shelbyville, Illinois • Socialite turned inventor after the death of her husband in 1883 • Patented the first practical mechanical dishwasher in 1886 (U.S. Patent No. 355,139) • Founded the Crescent Washing Machine Company to manufacture her designs • Exhibited her dishwasher at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago • Her company eventually became part of KitchenAid, transforming kitchens worldwide Resources & References 1. U.S. Patent No. 355,139 – “Dish-Washing Machine” (Josephine Cochrane, 1886) https://patents.google.com/patent/US355139A 2. Smithsonian Magazine – The Woman Who Invented the Dishwasher https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-woman-who-invented-the-dishwasher-180981597 3. Illinois Heritage – Josephine Cochrane’s Invention https://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/ih120602.html 4. KitchenAid – Company History https://www.kitchenaid.com/promo/about-us 5. World’s Columbian Exposition Records (1893) – Chicago Historical Society Archive https://digital.chipublib.org/digital/collection/expo1893

Inventing America – Season 4, Episode 4 Hobart I. Nutter – The Self-Propelled Harvester Episode Summary: Before tractors ruled the fields and machines moved on their own, one Ohio farmer imagined a better way to harvest. In this episode, we explore how Hobart I. Nutter turned sweat and soil into a mechanical revolution—by inventing the first commercially successful self-propelled combine harvester. This is the story of how one man’s rural problem became a national solution—and changed farming forever. What You’ll Learn: • Why early 20th-century harvesting was so labor-intensive • How Nutter’s invention replaced multi-step processes with a single, mobile machine • The lasting influence of Nutter’s design on modern farming equipment • How agricultural innovation often starts far from the lab Inventor Spotlight: Hobart I. Nutter • Ohio-based farmer and inventor • Patented the first self-propelled combine harvester in the 1930s • Operated the Nutter Harvester Company before his innovations were absorbed into larger manufacturers • Now largely forgotten, though his invention shaped the modern agricultural landscape Resources & References: • U.S. Patent filings by Hobart I. Nutter (1930–1934) • Agricultural history archives, Ohio Historical Society • University of Nebraska’s digital ag machinery exhibit Join the Conversation: Enjoying Inventing America? Help spread the word: 📱 Share on social media with #InventingAmerica 🌾 Support the show by following, reviewing, and recommending 💬 Got an inventor we should feature? Let us know!

Title: Bette Nesmith Graham – The Typist’s Undo Button

Episode: Season 4, Episode 3

Summary:

Before the delete key or “Ctrl+Z,” there was a bottle of white fluid and a secretary who refused to let mistakes win. In 1950s Dallas, Bette Nesmith Graham transformed a kitchen experiment into Liquid Paper, the analog “undo” button that saved typists from ruined pages. Combining artistic insight with chemical problem-solving, she built an international office empire—then used her fortune to fund women in business and the arts.

This episode explores the technical challenges behind creating a quick-drying, opaque correction fluid, the cultural shift it brought to office work, and the legacy of a woman who turned small mistakes into big opportunities.

Topics Covered:

• The challenges of correcting errors on early electric typewriters

• Bette’s artistic inspiration and first experiments with tempera paint

• Transition from Mistake Out to Liquid Paper

• The chemistry and engineering of correction fluid

• Scaling production from a kitchen to an industrial plant

• The $47.5 million sale to Gillette in 1979

• The creation of foundations supporting women in business and the arts

• Her lasting legacy in productivity tools and workplace culture

Keywords:

Bette Nesmith Graham, Liquid Paper, Mistake Out, typewriter history, correction fluid invention, women inventors, office technology, productivity innovation, 1950s inventions, Gillette acquisition, women in business history, female entrepreneurs, forgotten inventors, American inventors

Historical Context:

In an era when typewriters ruled the office, accuracy was survival for secretaries. A single typo could mean retyping an entire page. Bette’s invention, born from artistic problem-solving, saved time, reduced stress, and democratized the ability to produce clean, professional work. Long before the digital age promised second chances, she handed them out in tiny bottles of white paint.

Title: Sarah Mather – The Eye Beneath the Waves Episode: Season 4, Episode 2 Summary: In 1845, Sarah Mather received a U.S. patent for a device that allowed sailors to see beneath the surface of the water without diving in. Her “Submarine Telescope and Lamp” combined simple optics with practical design—revolutionizing ship inspections, aiding Civil War reconnaissance, and quietly shaping the future of undersea exploration. As one of the few women to receive a mechanical patent in the 19th century—especially in the naval sphere—Mather’s invention remains both technically impressive and historically overlooked. This episode explores her innovation, its wartime applications, and its hidden legacy in modern marine technology. Topics Covered: • Sarah Mather’s invention and the 1845 U.S. patent • Optical and mechanical principles of the submarine telescope • Wartime use during the American Civil War • Involvement of her son, Thomas Mather, and subsequent refinements • The early evolution of underwater viewing and detection tools • The marginalization of women inventors in 19th-century America • The philosophical legacy of making the invisible visible Keywords: Sarah Mather, submarine telescope, underwater optics, women inventors, naval technology, Civil War innovation, 19th century patents, maritime history, Thomas Mather, undersea exploration, hidden inventors, underwater inspection Historical Context: In an era when women were excluded from the worlds of science, technology, and military innovation, Sarah Mather’s underwater viewing device represented both a technical achievement and a cultural anomaly. Her work prefigured the modern fields of marine observation and undersea robotics—quietly proving that vision doesn’t always come from the spotlight.

Before it became a household name, Tupperware was an experiment in chemistry—and culture. Earl Tupper, a meticulous New England inventor with a farmer’s grit and a chemist’s obsession, purified wartime polyethylene into a revolutionary plastic. But it took the sales genius of Brownie Wise to show the world how to use it. Together, they didn’t just transform food storage. They reshaped American kitchens, created a new model for women’s entrepreneurship, and left behind a legacy that was sealed shut—until now. Topics Covered: • Earl Tupper’s early life on a New Hampshire farm • His invention of “Poly-T” from discarded wartime polyethylene • The engineering breakthrough of the Tupper Seal • Brownie Wise and the invention of the Tupperware Party • Direct sales, suburban domesticity, and postwar culture • Tupper’s retreat, renunciation of citizenship, and philosophical turn • The enduring cultural and linguistic legacy of “Tupperware”

Episode Title: The Machine That Spit Money Topic: Donald Wetzel – Designer of the modern ATM interface Summary: Donald Wetzel helped invent the first American ATM interface, bringing banking into the modern age. From PINs to cash dispensers, his work redefined how people access money—and what they expect from machines. Key Themes: • Automated financial systems • User interface innovation • Convenience tech of the 20th century • Modern banking history Recommended Reading: • U.S. Patent No. 3,761,682 – Wetzel’s ATM Interface • Federal Reserve Archives – History of Automated Teller Machines • Smithsonian Lemelson Center – Interactive Banking Exhibits

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Episode Title: The Fever and the Freeze Topic: John Gorrie – Inventor of the mechanical ice machine and early air conditioning Summary: John Gorrie, a 19th-century Florida physician, invented the first mechanical refrigeration system to help treat yellow fever. Though ridiculed in his lifetime, his invention laid the foundation for modern air conditioning, transforming medicine, comfort, and global development. Key Themes: • History of air conditioning • Medical innovation • Visionary failure and posthumous success • Climate and invention Recommended Reading: • Cool: How Air Conditioning Changed Everything by Salvatore Basile • National Air and Space Museum: Early Refrigeration Archives • John Gorrie Museum State Park (Florida)

Episode Title: The Sculptor of Extinction Topic: Carl Akeley – Inventor of modern taxidermy and museum habitat dioramas Summary: Carl Akeley revolutionized museum exhibits by inventing lifelike taxidermy techniques and immersive wildlife dioramas. He turned static animals into emotional, educational encounters—and used art to preserve a vanishing natural world. Key Themes: • Natural history museum innovation • Intersection of art and science • Early wildlife conservation • The ethics of exhibition and extinction Recommended Reading: • In Brightest Africa by Carl Akeley • American Museum of Natural History – Akeley Hall archives • Smithsonian: History of Taxidermy Techniques