Bonus episode: Knowable Magazine Podcast co-host Adam Levy talks with linguists Mark Dingemanse and Martina Wiltschko about the importance of the little "throwaway" utterances we use during conversations — such as Mmhmm, Huh? and more. Long ignored by scholarship, these interjections, as they're termed, are key to keeping conversations flowing. But that realization was recent, because much of early linguistics research was done with written text and not actual, live conversations. You can read more about interjections in the related article authored by Bob Holmes at Knowable Magazine.

Find the transcript of this episode, plus other podcast episodes at knowablemagazine.org/podcast.

Quantum mechanics has always included mind-bending ideas. But the concept of quantum entanglement, famously termed "spooky at a distance" by Albert Einstein in a 1947 letter, seemed to challenge the limits of belief. It remained well on the edges of modern physics until John Stewart Bell's 1964 paper suggesting a way to actually test the baffling idea that two particles can somehow share a measured property even when well separated.

Host Adam Levy chats with Nicolas Gisin of the University of Geneva about Einstein's quote, Bell's test and why it took so many decades for entanglement, the focus on the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, to go mainstream. Plus, how the phenomenon could help secure communications with your bank.

Find the transcript and additional resources at knowablemagazine.org/podcast.

Sloppy by modern standards — and maybe even those back then — a 1955 article on the placebo effect by Harvard anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher was nonetheless remarkable and influential. It paved the way for sounder drug trials and pushed scientists to better understand how we process pain. To explore its significance, Host Charlotte Stoddart enlisted the help of Ted Kaptchuk, director of the Program in Placebo Studies at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, who knows the paper well.

Find the transcript and additional resources at knowablemagazine.org/podcast.