Popes 2C - John

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Popes 2C - John

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Portrait fresco of John XXII, 14th century (Collection of the Palais du Roure, Avignon) Here is the big one...the notes this time are nearly entirely from Magisterium AI. John I 523–526 John II 533–535 John III 561–574 John IV 640–642 John V 685–686 John VI 701–705 John VII 705–707 John VIII 872–882 John IX 898–900 John X 914–928 John XI 931–935 John XII 955–964 John XIII 965–972 John XIV 983–984 John XV 985–996 Antipope John XVI997–998 John XVII 1003 John XVIII 1004–1009 John XIX 1024–1032 John XXI 1276–1277 John XXII 1316–1334 Antipope John XXIII 1410–1415 John XXIII 1958–1963 Here is the chronological sequence of the legitimate popes named John, with the notable antipopes inserted where they belong. “Given name” means the name recorded at birth; medieval records are sometimes incomplete, and the reasons for a papal name are often unknown. The numbering is not perfectly continuous because John XVI and John XXIII were also used by antipopes. John I (523–526) — Born John. Sent by Theodoric to Constantinople to negotiate for the Ostrogoths; imprisoned on his return and died in captivity. Venerated as a martyr. 1 John II (533–535) — Born Mercurius; the first pope known to have changed his name. He likely avoided a name associated with the Roman god Mercury. John III (561–574) — Born Catelinus. His long pontificate coincided with the Lombard invasion of Italy; political turmoil left few records of his work. 2 John IV (640–642) — Born John. Condemned Monothelitism at a Roman synod and used Church funds to ransom captives taken in Dalmatia and Istria. John V (685–686) — Born John in Syria; his brief pontificate was largely uneventful. John VI (701–705) — Born John, probably in Greece. Protected the English bishop Wilfrid when he appealed to Rome against his deposition. John VII (705–707) — Born John in Calabria. His dealings with the Byzantine emperor over the Trullan Council’s canons were notably cautious. John VIII (872–882) — Born John. A forceful pope in the politics of the Carolingian empire and the Photian controversy; he was assassinated, the first papal murder reliably documented. John IX (898–900) — Born John. Rejected the Cadaver Synod and reaffirmed the validity of ordinations performed by Pope Formosus. John X (914–928) — Born John. Helped organize the coalition that defeated Muslim forces at the Garigliano; later imprisoned and suffocated amid Roman political struggles. John XI (931–935) — Born John. His mother, Marozia, and later his half-brother Alberic II dominated Roman affairs; John himself was largely confined to the Lateran. John XII (955–964) — Born Octavian. He adopted the papal name John, but the reason is not securely known; he crowned Otto I emperor and was later deposed amid a conflict with him. 3 John XIII (965–972) — Born John. Worked with Otto I to establish church structures in newly Christianized parts of central and eastern Europe. John XIV (983–984) — Born Pietro Canepanova. He changed his name on becoming pope; the reason is uncertain. After Otto II’s death, he was imprisoned by the returning antipope Boniface VII and died in captivity. 4 John XV (985–996) — Born John. In 993 he formally canonized Ulrich of Augsburg, an important early precedent for papal canonization. Antipope John XVI (997–998) — John Philagathos, a Greek cleric backed by the Roman noble Crescentius and the Byzantine court, opposed Pope Gregory V. He was captured and cruelly mutilated; the number XVI remained in the papal sequence despite his being an antipope. 5 John XVII (1003) — Born Giovanni Sicco. His pontificate lasted only about five months, and little is known of his actions. Some older lists call him John XVI because they omit the antipope. John XVIII (1004–1009) — Born Giovanni Fasano. He supported churches in Germany and missionary work in eastern Europe; he reportedly retired to a monastery near the end of his pontificate. John XIX (1024–1032) — Born Romano of Tusculum. Brother of Benedict VIII, he was reportedly a layman when elected and received the clerical orders in rapid succession; he crowned Conrad II emperor. John XXI (1276–1277) — Born Pedro Hispano, a Portuguese scholar and physician. His pontificate was brief; he died after a building at his residence collapsed. The sequence skips John XX, probably because an earlier list mistakenly counted John XXI as John XX. 5 John XXII (1316–1334) — Born Jacques Duèse. Elected during the Avignon papacy, he governed amid disputes with the Franciscan Spirituals and the Empire. His views on the timing of the beatific vision provoked controversy; shortly before his death, he clarified his position. Antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) — Baldassare Cossa, elected during the Western Schism, was recognized by some European powers but is classified as an antipope. The ...

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