Evolution is often misunderstood as a process limited to biology and genes. In this in-depth conversation, evolutionary ecologist Mark Vellend challenges that narrow view and presents a powerful idea: evolution is a universal principle that governs all complex systems.

In this episode of Reason with Science, we explore how evolution applies not only to living organisms, but also to languages, technologies, cultures, institutions, scientific theories, economics, and artificial intelligence. Drawing on his book Everything Evolves: Why Evolution Explains More Than We Think (From Proteins to Politics), Mark Vellend explains why evolutionary theory deserves recognition as a general science of change, alongside physics.

We discuss:-

•What makes a system evolutionary in the most fundamental sense

• Why Darwinism shaped — and narrowed — our understanding of evolution

• How languages evolve through everyday use and variation

• Why technologies advance through trial, error, and selection

• How cultural norms, ideas, and institutions evolve over time

• The role of randomness, contingency, and selection beyond biology

• Evolutionary thinking in AI, economics, and complex systems

• Tipping points, feedback loops, and irreversible change in ecosystems and societies

This episode is essential viewing for scientists, students, educators, philosophers, and anyone curious about how the world changes — from cells to civilizations.

📘 Book discussed: Everything Evolves by Mark Vellend

🎙️ Podcast: Reason with Science

Guests info

Website : https://mvellend.weebly.com/

Linked in : https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/mark-vellend-everything-evolves-princeton-university-press-is5xc

Episode links:

Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/why-evolution-explains-more-than-we-think

Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYqQOPph6Qo

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6CQdIDnDABUPMCkgoy4gCL?si=U6zufCa_RMqckOQijL4n1A

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/why-evolution-explains-more-than-we-think/id1641776894?i=1000741038261

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=yYqQOPph6Qo&si=gGOJsq0EzY7rldSH

Follow Reason with Science:

Website: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ ⁠⁠⁠⁠

Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience⁠⁠⁠⁠

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5b

Timestamps:

00:00:13 — Opening & episode premise: evolution beyond biology00:01:05 — What makes something an evolving system?00:01:46 — Welcome to Mark Vellend00:02:05 — Mark’s research: ecology, climate change, and evolution00:03:17 — Evolution as a universal process00:05:13 — Why evolution goes beyond DNA and genes00:06:45 — Language as an evolving system00:07:45 — Technology, trial-and-error, and innovation00:09:01 — Darwinism and the Modern Synthesis00:11:01 — How biology narrowed the meaning of evolution00:13:03 — The “Second Science”: generalized evolutionary theory00:14:34 — Why direct gene analogies (memes) fail00:17:49 — Modeling evolution without DNA00:20:49 — Selection beyond biology00:51:39 — Tipping points and irreversible change

#evolution #evolutionexplained #trendingvideo #podcast #biology #culturalevolution #languageevolution #sciencepodcasts #reasonwithscience #philosophyofscience #science #evolutiontheory #sciencetalks #youtubevideo #viralvideo

How sleep shapes the developing Brain with Mark Blumberg This conversation is with Mark Blumberg, a neuroscientist at the University of Iowa whose work has fundamentally reshaped how we understand infant sleep, movement, and early brain development. Mark’s research reveals that sleep is not a passive state, but an active, self-organizing process essential for building the brain’s earliest sensory and motor circuits.We begin by asking a basic yet surprisingly difficult question: What is sleep, really? Mark explains why defining sleep across development and across species is far more complex than it seems, and why the brain during sleep—especially during REM sleep—is often more active than during wakefulness.Together, we explore why infants spend so much of their early life in REM sleep, how sleep unfolds in distinct stages, and why the tiny, jerky movements known as sleep twitches are not meaningless byproducts of dreams, but powerful developmental signals that help wire the brain and body. We discuss how these movements contribute to building internal models of the body, how sleep supports plasticity and learning, and what happens when these processes are disrupted early in life.Finally, we turn to broader questions about development, neurodiversity, and the limits of genetic explanations. Mark argues for the importance of studying typical development in order to understand developmental disorders, and reflects on what infant sleep can teach us about plasticity, embodiment, and the foundations of human cognition.

Guests info

Website: https://blumberg.lab.uiowa.edu/

X: https://x.com/canadiancharity

Episode links:

Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/how-sleep-shapes-the-developing-brain-with-mark-blumberg

Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNDcpIq2B98

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4ASTAAKKlokphbOc2TJxCi?si=a44044dd89554571

Apple podcast:

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=YNDcpIq2B98&si=Alxad9KU-RtJn78S

Follow Reason with Science:

Website: ⁠⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ ⁠⁠⁠

Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience⁠⁠⁠

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5b

Timestamps:

00:00:00 – Why sleep is one of the greatest unsolved problems in neuroscience

00:01:22 – What is sleep? Scientific challenges in defining sleep

00:04:05 – Is sleep a single state or a collection of components?

00:06:40 – Why sleep is not a passive state: brain activity during REM

00:08:37 – The major stages of sleep: REM vs non-REM

00:11:10 – Why dreaming is not the core function of REM sleep

00:12:22 – How scientists study sleep in humans and animals

00:15:10 – Sleep deprivation, stress, and experimental limits

00:19:48 – Why babies sleep so much more than adults

00:24:10 – The science of twitching during infant sleep

00:30:05 – How twitches help build the brain’s internal body maps

00:36:01 – Does twitching continue into adulthood?

00:43:28 – Learning during sleep vs learning during wake

00:50:04 – Sleep, memory, and real-world policy implications

01:21:47 – What infant sleep reveals about development and the future of

research #reasonwithscience #science #health #lifescience #podcast #sciencepodcasts #trending #trendingvideo #viralvideo

This conversation is with Herman Pontzer, an evolutionary anthropologist and professor at Duke University. Herman is best known for his groundbreaking work on human metabolism and energetics, which challenges long-held assumptions about how our bodies burn and manage energy. His field research with hunter-gatherer and subsistence-farming populations—including the Hadza of Tanzania, the Daasanach of Kenya, and the Tsimane’ of Bolivia—has redefined what we know about the relationship between activity, diet, and health.We begin by exploring the deceptively simple question: Why do some people burn more calories than others? Herman explains how the body’s total energy expenditure is remarkably constrained, meaning that even when we exercise more, our bodies often compensate by reducing energy spent elsewhere. This insight challenges the familiar “calories in, calories out” model and reframes how we understand diet, obesity, and modern sedentary lifestyles.Together, we discuss how evolution has shaped the human metabolic system—from the daily life of foragers walking 19,000 steps a day to the physiology of those in industrialized societies. We examine how metabolism interacts with the immune system, reproduction, and brain function, and why understanding these trade-offs is key to improving public health.Herman also shares insights from his books Burn and Adaptable, connecting metabolic research to broader questions about longevity, diet quality, and the future of medicine. Finally, we consider how modern tools—from doubly labeled water to GLP-1 drugs—fit into the long story of how humans manage energy in a changing world.

Guests info:

Website: https://sites.duke.edu/pontzerlab/

X: https://x.com/HermanPontzer

Episode links:

Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/the-metabolic-truth-rethinking-calories-and-energy-with-herman-pontzer

Youtube: https://youtu.be/07qrQN91Iow

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/0uN2PJNfEmHckUcdvpg9BJ?si=wZQ4g-ckRnCDNgT71ZwXMg

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-metabolic-truth-rethinking-calories-and-energy/id1641776894?i=1000732444106

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=07qrQN91Iow&si=Ho8HOtfA5f-Hzzxf

Follow Reason with Science:

Website: ⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ ⁠⁠

Youtube: ⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience⁠⁠

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5b

Timestamps:

00:00:00 — What is metabolism, really?00:01:20 — Who is Herman Pontzer?00:03:10 — Measuring energy in real life00:06:45 — Lessons from the Hadza and Daasanach00:09:30 — The Constrained Energy Expenditure model00:12:15 — Why exercise alone rarely changes body weight00:15:50 — Diet versus activity: the hierarchy of control00:19:10 — Internal trade-offs: the body’s energy budget00:22:35 — Metabolism in global context00:26:20 — Metabolism across the human lifespan00:29:55 — Overtraining, stress, and energy limits00:33:40 — Modern lifestyles and metabolic mismatch00:37:25 — GLP-1 drugs and the new metabolic frontier00:41:10 — Energy, health, and longevity00:45:00 — Evolution’s signature in our metabolism00:48:15 — How culture shapes our energy habits00:52:00 — Metabolism and reproductive health00:56:30 — The science of appetite and satiety01:00:45 — Metabolic research and public health policy01:05:10 — Final reflections on what it means to live energetically#reasonwithscience #science #health

Can economics help us create a sustainable future? Our guest is Doyne Farmer, Director of the Complexity Economics Programme at Oxford University. Trained as a physicist, he’s spent his career studying chaos, complex systems, and prediction, and now applies those ideas to economics, sustainability, and climate change. In this episode, we’ll talk about why traditional economic models often fail, how complexity economics gives us new tools to understand markets, and what agent-based models and heterogeneity can teach us about the real economy. We’ll look at chaos, business cycles, and equilibrium, and draw surprising parallels between biology, supply chains, and innovation.

Guest info:

Website: https://www.doynefarmer.com/

Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/doynefarmer.bsky.social

Episode links:

Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/

Youtube: https://youtu.be/i7T-1m7s2rY

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/0Mmqc9hETV1yrgxgvv8rHk?si=MxqQzImoR2W0k6W7AvM9pg

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/predicting-future-of-the-planet-with-j-doyne-farmer/id1641776894?i=1000731754638

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=i7T-1m7s2rY&si=OANPQABq3CgX6znI

Follow Reason with Science:

Website: ⁠⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ ⁠⁠⁠

Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience⁠⁠⁠

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5b

Is evolution predictable? The guest for this podcast is with Simon Conway Morris, Professor of Evolutionary Palaeobiology at the University of Cambridge. Famous for his work on the Cambrian explosion and the concept of evolutionary convergence, Conway Morris has written influential books including Life’s Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe, The Runes of Evolution, and From Extraterrestrials to Animal Minds. In this conversation, we talk about why convergence — the independent evolution of similar traits across unrelated species — offers evidence for deep constraints on the evolution of life. We’ll discuss major evolutionary transitions such as the origin of eukaryotes, sudden explosions of complexity, and the narrow “design space” within which evolution operates. We’ll examine whether traits like intelligence and consciousness are inevitable, why extinction often leads to familiar replacements, and how evolution’s predictability might extend to technology, culture, and even artificial intelligence.As Conway Morris provocatively asks: “If we replayed the tape of life, would we still end up with eyes, wings, minds—and perhaps even something like us?” This episode explores how the physical, chemical, and biological constraints that underpin convergence shape the living world and why, despite its complexity, evolution may be far more predictable than we imagine.

Guest info:Website: https://www.esc.cam.ac.uk/directory/simon-conway-morris

Episode links:

Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/is-evolution-predictable-with-simon-conway-morris

Youtube: https://youtu.be/mYpFJbJsWYA

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/7cr8LN9qfsVz40ykFSjC3O?si=bae3fa740cbb4e77

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/is-evolution-predictable-with-simon-conway-morris/id1641776894?i=1000721290043

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=mYpFJbJsWYA&si=7RgntDEFRkqAh9hS

Follow Reason with Science:

Website: ⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ ⁠⁠

Youtube: ⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience⁠⁠

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5b

Timestamps:

00:00:00 – Introduction

00:02:00 – Starting point: evolution’s predictability

00:06:44 – Predictability of evolution & extraterrestrial comparisons

00:10:56 – Deep homology and universal molecular pathways

00:16:30 – Randomness vs probabilities in evolution

00:19:41 – Major evolutionary transitions

00:27:47 – Convergent evolution as a predictive framework

00:42:45 – Laboratory evolution experiments

00:49:57 – Human uniqueness vs other primates

01:02:46 – Dyson spheres & the Fermi paradox

01:06:09 – Human peculiarity and consciousness

01:14:02 – Limits of understanding consciousness

01:27:20 – Challenges in improving science funding

01:38:59 – Mavericks and unpredictability of great ideas

01:42:01 – Theology and spirituality in society

#reasonwithscience #podcast #biology

This conversatio is with Ricard Solé, a leading thinker in complex systems and synthetic biology. Ricard heads the Complex Systems Lab at Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, where he explores how simple rules give rise to life’s astonishing complexity.

We open with a thought-provoking question: Can a biologist fix a radio? — an idea from Yuri Lazebnik that asks if breaking things down into parts really explains how living systems work. Ricard explains why life resists simple mechanical analogies and why cells, organisms, and ecosystems can’t just be “wired up” like machines.

Together we explore what we mean by “complexity,” how nature builds it through evolution, self-organization, and cooperation, and why emergence makes the whole more than the sum of its parts. We touch on termite nests, slime molds, brains, and immune systems as windows into collective intelligence and hidden patterns in nature.

Guest info:

Website: https://www.upf.edu/web/biomed/pdi/-/asset_publisher/vDntl1i7QlGn/content/sol%C3%A9-vicente-ricard/maximized

X: https://x.com/ricard_sole

Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/ricardsole.bsky.social

Episode links:

Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/how-nature-builds-complexity-ricard-sole

Youtube: https://youtu.be/KRcqScqqunA

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/3n64g2SSyXSlzTmOXtE597?si=dNxmfjtFQMGsfY0qaQGaGw

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-nature-builds-complexity-ricard-sol%C3%A9-reason-with/id1641776894?i=1000719142144

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=KRcqScqqunA&si=MxOfuk6cvTRDJqtl

Follow Reason with Science:

Website: ⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ ⁠

Youtube: ⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience⁠

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5b

Timestamps:

00:00:00 - Introduction

00:02:01 - Can a Biologist Fix a Radio? (Yuri Lazebnik's Analogy)

00:03:36 - The Limits of Engineering Approaches in Biology

00:04:50 - Hardware vs. Software in Cellular Systems

00:09:01 - What Is Complexity? Emergence Explained

00:10:18 - Collective Intelligence: From Termites to Slime Molds

00:14:57 - Evolution as a Driver of Complexity

00:15:54 - Major Evolutionary Transitions Defined

00:17:27 - The Limits of Reductionism in Biology

00:19:34 - What Complexity Theory Could Offer

00:21:07 - Scaling Laws in Biology and Metabolism

00:22:26 - Synthetic Biology and the Origin of Life

00:26:44 - Information, Coding, and Pre-cellular Chemistry

00:30:03 - Cells, Agency, and the Birth of Individuality

00:33:37 - Liquid Brains: Immune Systems, Ant Colonies, and Intelligence

00:37:58 - Synthetic Worlds: Rebuilding Evolution in the Lab

00:41:06 - Language Emergence and Cognitive Space

00:45:00 - Multicellularity and the Last Common Ancestor

00:49:00 - Turing Patterns and Symmetry Breaking in Development

00:53:36 - The Challenge of Modeling Organs in Complexity Theory

00:55:03 - Plant Intelligence, Redundancy, and Morphological Plasticity

00:57:14 - Slime Molds and Network-Based Computation

01:00:00 - Fungi and Underground Intelligence

01:01:04 - Liquid Brains: A Broader Framework

01:03:00 - The Immune System as a Cognitive Network

01:06:04 - Evolutionary Convergence and Constraints in Biology

01:09:04 - Searching for Life Beyond Earth

01:12:00 - Can Complexity Theory Predict Life’s Origins?

01:17:04 - Synthetic Biology as a Tool for Discovery

01:18:47 - The Origin of Neurons and Brains

01:24:43 - Regeneration, Memory, and the Mystery of Planarians

01:31:05 - Cancer, Evolution, and System Breakdown

01:36:04 - Climate Tipping Points and Complex Systems

01:39:00 - The Importance of Scientific Thinking

01:47:52 - Final Thoughts and Reflections

#reasonwithscience #podcast #biology

This episode is with one of the most compelling voices in anthropology, Agustín Fuentes. Agustín is a professor, evolutionary theorist, and author of “The Creative Spark”, where he explores what truly makes us human, not just biologically, but culturally, socially, and creatively. In this episode, we discuss common misconceptions about evolution and explore the complex, branching story of our species. We examine how traits like cooperation, creativity, and social bonding shaped our survival, and why race, gender, sex, and even marriage is far more culturally constructed than biologically fixed. We also dig into big questions around religion, science, and the future of human evolution. Agustín helps us see that to understand where we’re going, we first need to understand how we’ve evolved, not just in body, but in mind, meaning, and imagination.

Guests info

Website: https://afuentes.com/

X: https://x.com/Anthrofuentes

Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/anthrofuentes.bsky.social

Episode links:

Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/human-evolution-and-culture-with-agustn-fuentes

Youtube: https://youtu.be/9KlvbqPXM8s

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/55xwrZEofw4nO9iQEJ8sKQ?si=890c260c49be4372

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/human-evolution-and-culture-with-agust%C3%ADn-fuentes/id1641776894?i=1000717975098

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=9KlvbqPXM8s&si=NVXOiCWNdQf6lBJI

Follow Reason with Science:

Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/

Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5b

Timestamps:

00:00:00 - Introduction

00:01:48 - Explanation of the extended evolutionary synthesis

00:04:19 - The role of technology in modern evolutionary science

00:05:07 - Why humans are the last surviving hominins

00:06:02 - The “Messy bush” model of human evolution

00:07:45 - Ancient human interbreeding and genetic mixing

00:09:15 - Understanding creativity as a core human trait

00:10:49 - What distinguishes humans from other primates

00:14:47 - Convergent evolution and shared solutions across species

00:16:22 - Exploring cultural, behavioral, and genetic inheritance

00:20:45 - Human brain development and its adaptive plasticity

00:25:25 - Why the human brain operates in a social default state

00:26:02 - The role of imagination and creativity in human evolution

00:35:12 - How media and modern inputs shape human bias

00:42:05 - Comparing human creativity and artificial intelligence

00:57:58 - Evolutionary insights into modern human diets

This episode is with John Tregoning, a leading expert in infectious diseases, professor at Imperial College London, and author of the books “Live Forever?” and Infectious. John’s work focuses on how our immune systems fight off disease and how scientific advances can help us live not just longer, but healthier lives. In this episode, we break down the science behind ageing and talk about the growing role of vaccines, lifestyle, and cutting-edge technologies like AI, gene editing, and immunotherapy in transforming how we think about health. We also touch on some big-picture questions like What are the ethical and social implications of radically extended lifespans? And what can we do right now to stack the odds in our favor for a longer, more vibrant life?

Guests info

Website: https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/john.tregoning

X: https://x.com/drtregoning

Episode links:

Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/vaccines-longevity-and-the-future-of-health-with-john-tregoningYoutube: https://youtu.be/x1-9zESxap0?si=nqAHKe27m1xX0HjLSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6wSu03Fd1xkAzVmsMuMZg5?si=ng_0KpqXRiinG7vKfvbfIQApple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/vaccines-longevity-and-the-future-of-health/id1641776894?i=1000716957739YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=x1-9zESxap0&si=TU37R8zkoJoXgt8G

Follow Reason with Science:

Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/

Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience

Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh

Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894

YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5b

Timestamps:

00:00:00 - Introduction to John Tregoning and the podcast

00:01:26 - Scientific method and how we establish facts00:03:59 - How vaccines are developed, tested, and approved00:09:09 - What is aging? Biological and evolutionary insights00:11:22 - Healthspan vs. lifespan: Why quality matters00:13:44 - Infectious diseases and the immune system's role00:20:07 - Biology's complexity: Genes, environment, and unknowns00:23:22 - The immune system: Strengths, complexity, and risks00:29:08 - Microbiome and its influence on health00:34:06 - Chronic diseases: Heart disease, cancer, and dementia00:44:39 - Genetic predispositions and the limits of DNA testing00:50:00 - Obesity, diet, diabetes, and ultra-processed food00:57:03 - Technology in health: Wearables, data, gene editing01:06:05 - Lifestyle interventions for healthy aging01:07:52 - The importance of social connection for longevity01:13:39 - Public health policy and environmental factors01:16:21 - Ethical implications of radical life extension01:17:40 - Final thoughts: Prevention, trust in science, and living well