Why is air the rarest and most crucial ingredient for life? We explore how atmospheres form, fail, and filter entire worlds—and how this shapes the Fermi Paradox and the search for alien civilizations.

Get Nebula using my link for 50% off an annual subscription: https://go.nebula.tv/isaacarthur

Check out Joe Scott's Oldest & Newest: https://nebula.tv/videos/joescott-oldest-and-newest-places-on-earth?ref=isaacarthur

Watch my exclusive video Chronoengineering: https://nebula.tv/videos/isaacarthur-chronoengineering-manipulating-time-as-technology

🚀 Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZFipeZtQM5CKUjx6grh54g/join

🛒 SFIA Merchandise: https://isaac-arthur-shop.fourthwall.com/

🌐 Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net

❤️ Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur

⭐ Support us on Subscribestar: https://www.subscribestar.com/isaac-arthur

👥 Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/

📣 Reddit Community: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/

🐦 Follow on Twitter / X: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur

💬 SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE

Credits:

Produced, Narrated & Written: Isaac Arthur

Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images

Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Why is air the rarest and most crucial ingredient for life? We explore how atmospheres form, fail, and filter entire worlds—and how this shapes the Fermi Paradox and the search for alien civilizations.

Get Nebula using my link for 50% off an annual subscription: https://go.nebula.tv/isaacarthur

Check out Joe Scott's Oldest & Newest: https://nebula.tv/videos/joescott-oldest-and-newest-places-on-earth?ref=isaacarthur

Watch my exclusive video Chronoengineering: https://nebula.tv/videos/isaacarthur-chronoengineering-manipulating-time-as-technology

🚀 Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZFipeZtQM5CKUjx6grh54g/join

🛒 SFIA Merchandise: https://isaac-arthur-shop.fourthwall.com/

🌐 Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net

❤️ Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur

⭐ Support us on Subscribestar: https://www.subscribestar.com/isaac-arthur

👥 Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/

📣 Reddit Community: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/

🐦 Follow on Twitter / X: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur

💬 SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE

Credits:

Produced, Narrated & Written: Isaac Arthur

Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images

Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Asteroid mines become mobile city-states. Explore how hollowed asteroids grow into sovereign habitats, economies, and civilizations.

Get Nebula using my link for 50% off an annual subscription: https://go.nebula.tv/isaacarthur

Check out Mad Kings: https://nebula.tv/madkings?ref=isaacarthur

Watch my exclusive video Chronoengineering: https://nebula.tv/videos/isaacarthur-chronoengineering-manipulating-time-as-technology

🚀 Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZFipeZtQM5CKUjx6grh54g/join

🛒 SFIA Merchandise: https://isaac-arthur-shop.fourthwall.com/

🌐 Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net

❤️ Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur

⭐ Support us on Subscribestar: https://www.subscribestar.com/isaac-arthur

👥 Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/

📣 Reddit Community: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/

🐦 Follow on Twitter / X: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur

💬 SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE

Credits:

Asteroid City States – Living in Mobile Habitats Powered by Resource Extraction

Written, Produced & Narrated by:

Isaac Arthur

Graphics from Bryan Versteeg, Fishy Tree, Jeremy Jozwik

Music Courtesy of Chris Zabriskie & Stellardrone

Select imagery/video supplied by Getty Images

Music by Epidemic Sound: http://nebula.tv/epidemic & Stellardrone

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.