There is a rising number of young people aged 16–24 who are Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEETs). We discuss how structural barriers, such as limiting disabilities, low qualifications, mental health challenges, and fragmented career support, often contribute to this crisis, countering the narrative that young people are simply unmotivated. Key themes include the urgent need for accessible academic, vocational, and technical pathways, and the government's plans, including the Youth Jobs Guarantee and reforms to the careers service, aimed at providing holistic and sustained support to help this generation succeed.

Key Takeaways

• The proportion of young people identified as NEETs has been rising since 2021 and is nearing its highest level since 2014.
• Barriers preventing young people from working or learning are often structural, stemming from issues like limiting disability, mental health conditions, or having low qualifications, rather than a personal lack of motivation.
• There is a recognized need to shift focus away from a strong emphasis on university towards clear, respected vocational and technical training routes to meet the nation's demand for skilled trades like plumbing and bricklaying.
• New government measures include merging jobcentres with the National Careers Service to offer personalized coaching and digital tools.
• Targeted and preventive support, including early intervention for mental health and investment in youth hubs, is vital.
• Financial disincentives, such as the housing benefit taper rate which penalizes young people in supported accommodation for increasing their earnings, must be addressed.

Definitions

• NEETs: An acronym for young people not in education, employment or training, typically referring to those aged 16 to 24.

Source: Young People not in Education, Employment or Training
Volume 776: debated on Wednesday 26 November 2025

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This episode examines the critical debate surrounding the government's plan to remove public funding for many Level 7 apprenticeships for those aged 22 and over, effective January 2026. The government aims to rebalance funding toward younger learners beginning their careers. However, critics argue this move will severely hinder diversity and access in sectors like architecture and town planning, where apprentices rarely reach Level 7 before age 22 or 25 due to lengthy training requirements. We explore how this policy risks shrinking the pipeline of qualified professionals needed to meet national targets for housing and infrastructure, particularly impacting small businesses that rely on this funding. The debate contrasts the focus on youth funding with the need for high-level specialized skills across the built environment.

Key Takeaways

• Public funding for many Level 7 apprenticeships will be restricted to those under age 22 (or under 25 for specific groups like care leavers) starting in January 2026.
• The apprenticeship route, especially at Level 7, has been crucial for achieving better gender balance and increasing access for people from disadvantaged backgrounds in architecture.
• Professions in the built environment (architects, town planners) have long qualification periods, meaning apprentices typically reach Level 7 well past the age of 21, making the new restriction a significant barrier.
• The government is encouraging employers to invest directly in upskilling older staff and is shifting focus to young people by introducing Foundation Apprenticeships in critical sectors like construction.
• Skills shortages are acute across the built environment; over 250,000 additional workers are estimated to be needed by 2028 just to maintain current construction output.

Source: Level 7 Apprenticeships
Volume 776: debated on Tuesday 25 November 2025

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Families face profiund challenges when caring for children with serious neurological conditions. We discuss the urgent need for better access to specialist information, prompt second opinions, and clear hospital transfer options to reduce distress. Key themes include the emotional and financial burden on families and the fragmentation of public services (health, education, social care). Learning objectives cover understanding the necessity of integrated support, early intervention, and government plans, like the 10-year health plan, aiming to provide coordinated, community-based care and reduce waiting times. The discussion also highlights the invaluable insight provided by organizations like the Tafida Raqeeb Foundation.

Key Takeaways

• In the difficult period following a diagnosis, families need prompt access to high-quality information and clear processes for requesting second opinions from appropriately qualified clinicians to prevent misunderstandings and reduce distress.
• Caring for a child with a serious neurological condition requires round-the-clock care, placing an enormous emotional toll on parents; consistent access to counselling, respite breaks, and psychological support is vital.
• Families often describe the system as fragmented, requiring them to repeat their child's history multiple times; a more joined-up approach across health, education, and social care is needed to relieve pressure.
• The Government’s 10-year health plan aims to deliver integrated, community-based services that prioritize early identification, intervention, and timely access to specialist care.
• It is crucial that parents and carers are recognized as genuine partners in decision-making regarding their child's care, reflecting the deep understanding they hold of their child’s needs.

Source: Children with Serious Neurological Conditions
Volume 775: debated on Thursday 20 November 2025

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As one of the fastest growing neurological conditions, affecting over 116,000 people in the UK, patients face challenges like long waits for specialist appointments and fragmented care. The debate focused on implementing the Parky charter, a powerful five-point plan demanding speedy access to specialists, coordinated support through a Parkinson’s passport, and renewed investment in finding a cure. We examine the crucial link between timely care, consistent medication access, and ensuring dignity for all sufferers.

Key Takeaways

• The e-petition supporting the Parky charter garnered over 113,000 signatures, demonstrating a collective call for meaningful action to improve care.
• Parkinson’s is a fast-growing neurological condition, with the number of people affected in the UK expected to reach 173,000 by 2030.
• Patients often struggle with access to specialist services; the UK ranks near the bottom in Europe for the number of neurologists per capita, and only about half of neurology services meet the 18-week referral target.
• Receiving medication is time-critical; delays of just 30 minutes in a hospital can severely worsen symptoms, yet more than half of hospitalised patients report such delays.
• The Personal Independence Payment (PIP) assessment system frequently fails to capture the complexity and fluctuating nature of Parkinson's, leading to inaccurate assessments.
• A holistic approach to care is essential, combining specialist medical support with community initiatives such as walking football and physical activity courses.

Definitions

• Parky Charter: A five-point manifesto created by the "Movers and Shakers" podcast group, calling for reform in care, including immediate information, specialist access, support coordination via a Parkinson’s passport, comprehensive care, and research investment.

Source: Parkinson’s Disease
Volume 775: debated on Monday 17 November 2025

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25% of the total population—16.8 million people—had a disability in the 2023/24 financial year. We discuss how prevalence is rising, especially driven by increases in mental health conditions reported among children and working-age adults. We analyze significant disparities in outcomes, including the 28.6 percentage point disability employment gap (July to September 2025), lower median household incomes, and higher rates of crime victimization. The episode also highlights the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disabled people, including a disproportionate mortality risk. (99 words)

Key Takeaways

• The number of disabled people in the UK has increased significantly, reaching 16.8 million (25% of the population) in 2023/24, up from 18% in 2002/03.
• Disability prevalence rises sharply with age; 45% of adults over State Pension age reported a disability in 2023/24, compared with 12% of children.
• For working-age adults (16-64), mental health conditions are the most common impairment reported (48% of disabled people in this group).
• Disabled people face significant employment challenges, evidenced by an employment rate of 52.3% compared with 82.5% for non-disabled people.
• Households with a disabled family member have significantly lower median weekly incomes (£506 after housing costs) than households with no disabled members (£628).
• During the COVID-19 pandemic, disabled people faced a higher risk of death and reported worsening mental health and increased loneliness compared to non-disabled people.

Definitions

• Disability (Harmonized Definition): A person is considered disabled if they have a physical or mental condition or illness that has lasted, or is expected to last, 12 months or more, AND it reduces their ability to carry out day-to-day activities.
• Disability Employment Gap: The percentage point difference between the employment rate of disabled people and the employment rate of people who are not disabled (28.6 percentage points in 2025).

Source: UK disability statistics: Prevalence and life experiences
Research Briefing
Published Monday, 17 November, 2025

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Various government support schemes are available to eligible households across the UK designed to improve domestic energy efficiency, heating, and power generation. We highlight major programs such as the Energy Company Obligation (ECO), which focuses on low-income households, and the Boiler Upgrade Scheme (BUS), which provides grants for renewable heating systems. You will learn about eligibility criteria for schemes in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and understand how systems like the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG) pay you for exporting power. Crucially, we also cover the steps required to rectify problems with scheme installations, including issues reported under ECO4 and the Great British Insulation Scheme (GBIS).

Key Takeaways

• Several national schemes, including ECO and GBIS, place obligations on energy suppliers to fund measures like insulation and heating to tackle fuel poverty and boost energy efficiency, primarily targeting low-income homes or those in the lower Council Tax bands.
• The Boiler Upgrade Scheme (BUS) offers property owners in England and Wales upfront grants of up to £7,500 to install renewable heating systems, such as air source heat pumps.
• The Smart Export Guarantee (SEG) ensures that households installing small-scale renewable power technologies are paid by their supplier for excess electricity they supply back to the grid.
• If installation quality issues arise under schemes like ECO or GBIS, consumers are advised to contact the installer, scheme provider, or quality assurance bodies like TrustMark, and may escalate unresolved complaints to the Dispute Resolution Ombudsman or Energy Ombudsman.

Source: Help with energy efficiency, heating and renewable energy in homes
Research Briefing
Published Tuesday, 18 November, 2025

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Significant changes to Agricultural Property Relief (APR) and Business Property Relief (BPR) for Inheritance Tax (IHT) were announced in the Autumn Budget 2024, commencing in April 2026. Historically, these reliefs allowed up to 100% of eligible assets to be exempted from IHT. The government is introducing a £1 million cap on the combined 100% relief for APR and BPR, with 50% relief applying to value above that threshold. The aim is to target a wealthy minority of estates and raise funds. However, the policy has sparked debate, with concerns raised by farming organisations about negative impacts on family businesses and the administrative complexity of the new rules.

Key Takeaways in Bullet Points

• From April 2026, the maximum value of assets eligible for 100% Agricultural Property Relief (APR) and Business Property Relief (BPR) combined will be capped at £1 million.
• The standard Inheritance Tax rate is 40% on an estate’s value above the nil-rate band of £325,000.
• HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) estimates that around 2,000 estates per year will pay more tax due to these reforms, assuming no changes in taxpayer behavior.
• Economic think tanks generally support the policy, arguing that assets should be taxed similarly and that existing reliefs favored certain asset types.
• Agricultural organizations argue the changes will negatively affect farming businesses, with one group claiming up to 70,000 farms could be harmed over 40 years.

Definitions

1. Inheritance Tax (IHT): A tax charged on the ‘net estate’ (assets minus debts) of someone who has died, typically at a 40% rate if the estate exceeds the £325,000 threshold.
2. Agricultural Property Relief (APR) and Business Property Relief (BPR): These are inheritance tax reliefs that shelter the value of eligible agricultural land or business assets from IHT, often at a 100% rate.
3. £1 Million Cap: The new limit, applicable from April 2026, on the combined value of assets that can qualify for 100% APR and BPR.

Source: Changes to agricultural and business property reliefs for inheritance tax
Research Briefing
Wednesday, 10 December, 2025

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This episode examines the critical state of healthcare provision for transgender people in the UK, drawing on recent parliamentary discussions. Key themes include the severe discrimination trans patients face in general healthcare settings, such as being repeatedly misgendered or refused care. The core focus is the national scandal of unacceptably long waiting lists for NHS gender-affirming care, which can stretch for years or even decades, forcing many to rely on unregulated private providers. These extensive delays are linked to worsening health outcomes, increased depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. The conversation highlights urgent calls for government action, significant investment, mandatory clinician training, and evidence-based clinical reform to ensure trans people receive timely and dignified care.

Key Takeaways

• Waiting times for gender-affirming care are considered a national scandal; averages reported include 12 years in England and a staggering 58 years in Scotland.
• Almost one in four transgender people avoid going to the doctor altogether for fear of mistreatment, delaying vital screenings and appointments.
• Long waiting lists for gender-affirming care have been cited by coroners in the context of trans people's deaths.
• GPs are increasingly refusing to enter into shared care agreements, disrupting access to necessary, ongoing hormone prescriptions for trans adults.
• Gender-affirming care is proven to improve mental health, reduce gender dysphoria, and significantly reduce depression and anxiety.
• The Government is implementing new regional services and awaiting the publication of the Levy and Brady reviews to improve care pathways and address inequalities.

Source: Transgender People: Provision of Healthcare
Volume 777: debated on Tuesday 16 December 2025

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