Why are red deer populations in Germany growing in number and antler size yet sitting in deep genetic trouble? What is the difference between census population size and effective population size, and why does it matter? And how can a satirical award for the worst-built wildlife crossing draw attention to the issue of habitat fragmentation? In this episode, I sit down with Frank Zabel, a wildlife biologist, campaigner, and co-host of the award-winning JAGDcast podcast. Frank also runs the nonprofit RotWildes Deutschland (Non-profit Society for Wildlife Biology & Sustainable Use) and authored the 2022 deer management plan focused on corridors and mapping. Although Frank is speaking from Germany, many of the issues he raises will feel familiar to anyone interested in deer management, habitat connectivity, and how policy decisions made decades ago continue to shape what happens on the ground today.

Frank takes a broader view of red deer as an umbrella species, using them as a vehicle to talk about biodiversity in general. We discuss the historic genetic bottleneck created when red deer were extirpated in much of Germany after the 1848 revolution and how that legacy still shapes populations today. Frank explains why most German red deer populations now sit dangerously close to or below the threshold where the issues with inbreeding start to appear, even though the absolute numbers look healthy on paper. Our conversation also covers the red deer management areas in southern Germany, where deer must be shot once they leave designated zones, a policy decision rooted in post-war food production priorities that has become, in Frank’s words, a far more effective form of habitat fragmentation than any motorway.

We then shift gears to the lowering of the wolf’s protection status in the EU. Frank offers a perspective that may surprise some listeners, particularly those who expect hunters to take a predictable line on the wolf question. He also makes a compelling case for why looking at wolves across the whole of Europe through a single lens misses what is actually happening on the ground in different regions. We touch on what hunters need to do when wolves return to an area, and Frank shares an observation from his time in Sweden that illustrates the point well. This is a rich conversation packed with wisdom and insight.

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What has shifted in rewilding over the past five years? Why do recovery of species like lynx, beavers and wolves trigger reactions that go far beyond the animals themselves? And what is the real obstacle to bringing lynx back to Scotland, the ecology, the bureaucracy, or something much harder to name? In this episode, our returning guest is Peter Cairns, co-founder and former Executive Director of SCOTLAND: The Big Picture, board member of Trees for Life, public voice for the Lynx to Scotland partnership, wildlife photographer, and now host of the new podcast 'At the Edge'. Peter last appeared on the show back in 2021, and many things have shifted on the ground since then. More beavers, more red kites, more sea eagles and habitat restoration that has grown significantly. Peter argues that the conversation around land use is also maturing, even when daily progress feels like wading through treacle.

Our conversation moves through the long road of the Lynx to Scotland project: years of education, consultation and community engagement sessions, all building towards a licence application that will ultimately land on a politician's desk. Peter is honest about the sticking points around livestock predation and what level of impact society is prepared to support and compensate. We get into the cultural chasm between rural and urban Scotland and why a lynx or a beaver rarely represents just an animal. For many people, these species symbolise change, loss of control over the landscape and the imposition of urban values on rural communities. We also discuss the illegal release of four lynx in the Cairngorms and Peter's measured view on what that incident says about an over-bureaucratic system and what the government would be wise to learn from it.

In the second half of our conversation, Peter shares why he started 'At the Edge', a podcast designed to host the difficult conversations sitting on what he calls the human-wildlife faultline. We talk about social media as an accelerator of polarisation, the impossibility of shouting people into agreement and the Finding Common Ground initiative that is quietly reshaping how deer management is discussed in Scotland. We also get into wildlife photography and the rise of what Peter calls the 'Instagram trophy hunter', along with his concerns about ecotourism becoming too central to rewilding's economic case. Towards the end, Peter offers a thoughtful, almost stoic answer to my ‘crystal ball’ question, focusing on what each of us can actually control in our own physical, community and philosophical space. It's a generous and quietly hopeful conversation, and I think you'll get a lot from it.

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What makes farmers reluctant to talk about climate change, even though they see its effects first-hand? Can a trip to the Arctic change how you look at a small river in Kerry? And why might 'community first, environment second' be the right way round? These are some of the questions we explore in the second episode of the series following the Community Climate Adaptation and Resilience Programme in Kerry. This episode is a progress check on how the programme is unfolding, with Catríona Fallon from Transition Kerry giving an overview of the sessions run so far, covering community mapping, nature-based solutions and food. We also hear from three participants, each bringing a different background and reason for signing up. For the full context of the programme, have a listen to episode 218 where it all started.

Our conversation brings in Kieran Cotter, Project Officer of the Knocknagoshel Environmental and Angling Association, who is also known for restoring his grandmother's 200-year-old cottage on RTÉ's Great House Revival. Chris Barrett, a professional photographer and PRO of the same angling association, has taken part in two Arctic expeditions and saw glacial melt, plastic pollution and dead fulmars in otherwise pristine environments. Mary Murphy, who wrote and produced a children's television series on climate and sustainability, recently joined the steering group for a Sustainable Energy Community in Kenmare that is currently tendering an energy masterplan. Each of them talks about what drew them to the programme and what they hope to bring back to their own communities. Kieran and Chris also share how the angling club is being used as a vehicle for environmental work on the River Owveg, a tributary of the Feale, where fish stocks have dropped sharply within their lifetime.

A thread running through our chat is the idea of adaptation as a positive project rather than a doom-and-gloom one. The participants talk about the difficulty of communicating climate issues with farmers, the value of humour in those conversations and the Rob Hopkins idea of 'falling in love with the future' that the group can work towards. We also touch on practical ideas being shared across the programme, from community energy masterplans and shared solar installations to an anaerobic digester on Cape Clear that turns food waste into cooking gas and fertiliser. The next sessions take the group to the Maharees Conservation Association and to the Fenit Wild Mind festival, where Transition Kerry will host a skills share tent. I'll be following up with more participants once this phase of the programme wraps up in June.

To sign up or find out more, contact adaptationkerry@transitionkerry.org

or go to www.adaptationkerry.transitionkerry.org

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