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Philippe Girard shows how Toussaint Louverture transformed himself from lowly freedman into revolutionary hero as the mastermind of the bloody slave revolt of 1791. By 1801, Louverture was governor of the colony where he had once been a slave. But his lifelong quest to be accepted as a member of the colonial elite ended in despair: he spent the last year of his life in a French prison cell. His example nevertheless inspired anticolonial and Black nationalist movements well into the 20th century.

Francois-Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture (1743-1803) emerged as a pivotal figure in 1791 during the Haitian struggle for independence. Leading thousands of enslaved individuals on the island of Hispañola, he bravely challenged the colonial European powers of France, Spain, and England. His efforts ultimately led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent state, liberating the island from European control. L’Ouverture rose to prominence as the governor and Commander-In-Chief of Haiti, although he later recognized French authority in 1801. In June 1802, he was captured by ...

Fort de Joux - 1802. Pierre, 13 ans, seconde son père, vétéran revenu invalide des campagnes napoléoniennes, dans son emploi de porte-clés...