Megaloblast. Now there’s a word you don’t hear every day.

The root -blast comes from the Greek blastos, meaning “germ” or “bud,” and is familiar from terms like blast cells—very young hematopoietic precursor cells. Megalo- comes from the Greek megas, meaning “large” or “great,” as in splenomegaly. So is a megaloblast simply a large, immature cell?

Not quite.

In this episode, we break down megaloblastic anemia: why it develops, what vitamin B12 and folate have to do with it, what you’ll see on a CBC and peripheral smear, and how to recognize and treat the underlying problem.

After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:

• Explain the pathogenesis of megaloblastic anemia.
• Identify common causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency and distinguish their associated nonhematologic findings.
• Recognize the characteristic complete blood count findings seen in megaloblastic anemia.
• Describe and identify the characteristic morphologic changes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow.
• Explain the principles of treatment for megaloblastic anemia.

You can also explore the original Megaloblastic Anemia Brick from our Hematology collection, available free here:

https://usmle-rx.scholarrx.com/rx-bricks/brick/CP_HEM0022

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After your trial ends, you can continue accessing over 150 free Rx Bricks, including the complete General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology collections.

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) refers to a group of rare inherited syndromes that increase the risk of developing tumors in multiple endocrine organs. MEN affects men and women at roughly equal rates and occurs across geographic, racial, and ethnic groups.

These syndromes are caused by genetic mutations inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning an affected parent has a 50% chance of passing the mutation to each child. Unlike many sporadic cancers, tumors associated with MEN often develop at a younger age and may involve several endocrine organs over a patient’s lifetime.

In this AudioBrick, we review the three major MEN syndromes—MEN1, MEN2A, and MEN2B—including their characteristic tumors, genetic causes, clinical features, and management.

After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:

• Define multiple endocrine neoplasia and identify the three major MEN syndromes.
• Compare the key clinical features of MEN1, MEN2A, and MEN2B.
• Describe the genetic mutations associated with each syndrome.
• Summarize the basic approach to management and surveillance.

You can also explore the original Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Rx Brick from our Endocrine collection, available free here:

https://usmle-rx.scholarrx.com/rx-bricks/brick/CP_END0028 (opens in new tab)

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In this episode, we explore stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs, medications used to improve alertness, attention, memory, and cognition. You’ll learn how commonly used agents such as amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, caffeine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine work, along with the conditions they’re used to treat. We’ll also review important adverse effects, contraindications, and serious safety concerns, including cardiovascular complications, growth suppression, stimulant toxicity, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. By the end, you’ll be better prepared to weigh the risks and benefits of these medications in clinical care.

After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:

• Name conditions for which stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs are used as treatment.
• Describe the mechanism of action of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.
• List the main examples of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.
• Describe the significant adverse effects of stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs.

You can also check out the original brick on Stimulants and Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs from our Psychiatry collection, which is available for free.

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