Showing results for "Digital Theory" in Europe

What is fascism? By focusing on the concrete, what the fascists did rather than what they said, the esteemed historian Robert O. Paxton answers this question for the first time. From the first violent uniformed bands beating up "enemies of the state", through Mussolini's rise to power, to Germany's fascist radicalization in World War II, Paxton shows clearly why fascists came to power in some countries and not others.

The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) was one of the most important documents to come out of World War I – specifically the period of the Armistice and the subsequent settlement negotiations. And, a century on, it remains of particular relevance to our times – an uncompromising and forthright analysis of how international diplomacy can be suffused by personalities, prejudices, personal ambition and outright, uncontrolled feelings of revenge.

How did communism become such a pervasive economic and political philosophy? Why did it first take root in early 20th-century Russia? These and other questions are part of a fascinating story whose drama has few equals in terms of sheer scale, scope, or human suffering and belief. These 12 lectures invite you to go inside communism’s journey from a collection of political and economic theories to a revolutionary movement that rocked the world.

Germany's financial collapse in the summer of 1931 was one of the biggest economic catastrophes of modern history. It led to a global panic, brought down the international monetary system, and turned a worldwide recession into a prolonged depression. Hitler managed to profit from the crisis, because he had been the most vocal critic of the reparation regime. As the financial system collapsed, his relentless attacks against foreign creditors and the alleged complicity of the German government resonated more than ever with the electorate.

Covering the development of the atomic bomb during the Second World War, the origins and early course of the Cold War and the advent of the hydrogen bomb in the early 1950s, Churchill and the Bomb in War and Cold War explores a still neglected aspect of Winston Churchill's career: his relationship with and thinking on nuclear weapons.

At the end of the 20th century, many believed the story of European political development had come to an end. Modern democracy began in Europe, but for hundreds of years it competed with various forms of dictatorship. Now, though, the entire continent was in the democratic camp for the first time in history. But within a decade, this story had already begun to unravel. Some of the continent's newer democracies slid back towards dictatorship, while citizens in many of its older democracies began questioning democracy's functioning and even its legitimacy.

Concluding his acclaimed series on the Eastern Front in World War I, Prit Buttar comprehensively details not only these climactic events, but also the "successor wars" that raged long after the armistice of 1918. New states rose from the ashes of empire and war raged as German forces sought to keep them under the aegis of the Fatherland. These unresolved tensions between the former Great Powers and the new states would ultimately lead to the rise of Hitler and a new, terrible world war only two decades later.

Accusés d’être à l’origine de la Révolution française, d’avoir noyauté les États-Unis d’Amérique dès leur naissance ou encore d’avoir précipité l’effondrement de l’Union soviétique, les Illuminati font les beaux jours des théories complotistes les plus extravagantes depuis plus de deux siècles.Derrière ces affabulations, une société secrète, les Illuminaten, a bel et bien existé, en Bavière. Fondé à la fin du XVIIIe siècle par Adam Weishaupt, alias Spartacus, ce club très sélect inspiré de la franc-maçonnerie a attiré parmi les plus radicaux tenants des Lumières et a très vite été interdit.

Few economists or historians write like McCloskey - her ability to invest the facts of economic history with the urgency of a novel, or of a leading case at law, is unmatched. She summarizes modern economics and modern economic history with verve and lucidity yet sees through to the really big scientific conclusion. Not matter, but ideas. Big books don't come any more ambitious or captivating than Bourgeois Equality.

An insightful historical account, Democrat and Diplomat exposes the dark underbelly of 1930s Germany and explores the terrible burden of those who realized the horror that was to come. Dodd was the U.S. Ambassador to Germany from 1933 to 1937, arriving in Berlin with his wife and daughter just as Hitler assumed the chancellorship. An unlikely candidate for the job - and not President Roosevelt's first choice - Dodd quickly came to realize that the situation in Germany was far grimmer than was understood in America.

This famous treatise began as a letter to a young French friend who asked Edmund Burke’s opinion on whether France’s new ruling class would succeed in creating a better order. Doubtless the friend expected a favorable reply, but Burke was suspicious of certain tendencies of the Revolution from the start and perceived that the revolutionaries were actually subverting the true "social order". Blending history with principle and graceful imagery with profound practical maxims, this book is one of the most influential political treatises in the history of the world.

The Russian invasion of Crimea in 2014, subsequent war in Eastern Ukraine, and economic sanctions imposed by the West transformed European politics. The conflict did not escalate to the levels originally feared but nor was either side able to bring it to a definitive conclusion. Ukraine suffered a loss of territory but was not forced into changing its policies away from the Westward course adopted as a result of the EuroMaidan uprising of February 2014. President Putin was left supporting a separatist enclave as Russia's economy suffered significant damage.

The window between two equally stifling autocracies - the imperial family and the communists - was open only briefly, in the last couple of years of the 19th century until the end of WWI, by which time the revolution was in full fury. From the last years of Tolstoy until the death of the Tsar and his family, however, Russia experimented with liberalism and cultural openness. Novelists and playwrights blossomed and political ideas were swapped in coffee houses.

La lotta armata ha avuto vita così lunga in Italia per due precise ragioni, spesso considerate separatamente da osservatori e studiosi. Capire la sua storia è impossibile senza capire a fondo chi l'ha combattuta, come e con quali fini. Se da un lato il progetto rivoluzionario brigatista ha goduto nei primi anni Settanta di un certo consenso, poi estintosi col mutare delle condizioni del paese, dall'altro lato è sopravvissuto per tanti anni grazie alla lentezza dell'azione repressiva dei servizi di sicurezza che, come l'audiolibro documenta ampiamente, sin dal 1972 potevano debellare ogni nucleo armato.

Timothy Snyder opens a new path in the understanding of modern nationalism and 20th-century socialism by presenting the often overlooked life of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz, an important Polish thinker at the beginning of the 20th century. During his brief life in Poland, Paris, and Vienna, Kelles-Krauz influenced or infuriated most of the leaders of the various socialist movements of Central Europe and France. His central ideas ultimately were not accepted by the socialist mainstream at the time of his death.

La vita della sezione e i suoi tipi umani, la diffusione militante dell'Unità, il rito del congresso, i vezzi e la retorica del dibattito politico. Una nostalgia ragionata del Partito comunista italiano e lo spietato contrappunto con la sinistra di oggi. Attraverso storie, personaggi, aneddoti divertenti, Novelli smonta le false verità sul partito scomparso nel 1991, ma non chiude gli occhi davanti alle questioni critiche, prima fra tutte il rapporto con l'Unione Sovietica e i paesi del socialismo reale.

Nella storia della civiltà europea il Settecento rappresenta una tappa fondamentale; è un'età di profondo e generale rinnovamento in tutti i campi: politico, sociale e culturale. La prima metà del secolo è segnata da tre guerre di successione: la guerra di successione spagnola (1704-12), la guerra di successione polacca (1733-35), la guerra di successione austriaca (1740-48).

Sulla volta del Teatro Goldoni domina Marx. Sopra il suo ritratto, lo striscione: "Proletari di tutti i Paesi unitevi!". Il diciassettesimo Congresso del Partito socialista italiano si apre a Livorno il 15 gennaio 1921 e, dopo una settimana drammatica, si chiuderà con la scissione e la nascita del Partito comunista d'Italia. In una cronaca politica animata dalle voci di protagonisti epici - da Terracini a Turati, da Serrati a Bordiga, a Gramsci defilato e silenzioso - viene qui ricostruito un evento epocale, animato da ideali altissimi di riscatto sociale.

British statesman Benjamin Disraeli delivered this commanding speech in 1872. His imperialistic ideals informed his Conservative political platform as he advocated for maintaining the British Empire. He asked his audience if they were content to be a “comfortable England,” or if they preferred the glory of remaining “a great country - an imperial country - a country where your sons, when they rise, rise to paramount positions, and obtain not merely the esteem of their countrymen, but command the respect of the world.”