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Written in 1795, this thought-provoking essay presents Immanuel Kants vision for enduring peace among nations and peoples. Kant outlines essential means to achieve this peace, advocating for a federation of nations that preserves their sovereignty. Notably referred to as a league of nations in one translation, the essay is enriched by compelling supplements and appendices. The supplements delve into natures use of war and its ultimate push towards peace. Meanwhile, the appendices explore whether Kants theory can be practically applied, distinguishing between the moral politician and the ...

This thought-provoking essay, penned in 1795, presents a compelling vision for enduring peace among nations and peoples. Kant outlines essential pathways to achieve this peace, arguing that countries can unite in a federation while retaining their sovereignty. One significant translation of his ideas refers to this alliance as a “league of nations.” The essays supplements and appendices offer intriguing insights, including Kants exploration of the role of war in nature and how it ultimately drives humanity toward peace. He also grapples with whether his theories can be practically ...

In Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft), Immanuel Kant delves into the realm of moral philosophy in this pivotal second critique, first published in 1788. Building upon the foundations laid in his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant explores the essence of ethical reasoning and the principles that govern our moral actions. This work significantly shaped the evolution of ethics, establishing itself as a cornerstone for ethical theories that prioritize the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions over their consequences. Known as deontological ethics, Kants framework laid ...

Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason can lay claim to being the most important single work of modern philosophy, a work whose methodology, if not necessarily always its conclusions, has had a profound influence on almost all subsequent philosophical discourse. In this work Kant addresses, in a groundbreaking elucidation of the nature of reason, the age-old question of philosophy: “How do we know what we know?” and the limits of what it is that we can know with certainty.

This seminal text in the history of moral philosophy elaborates the basic themes of Kant's moral theory, gives the most complete statement of his highly original theory of freedom of the will, and develops his practical metaphysics. This new edition, prepared by an acclaimed translator and scholar of Kant's practical philosophy, presents the first new translation of the work to appear for many years, together with a substantial and lucid introduction.

The Critique of Pure Reason, originally published in 1781 with a revised edition in 1787, stands as one of the most pivotal and transformative philosophical works of the modern era. In this text, Kant endeavors to reconcile the divide between rationalism—where knowledge is derived from reason independent of sensory experience—and empiricism, which posits that our understanding is rooted in sensory input. Specifically, he confronts the radical empiricism of David Hume, who argued that our beliefs are merely products of habitual responses to sensory experiences. Employing scientific methods,...

In this insightful tripartite essay, which appears under various titles such as “On the Popular Judgment” (translated by J. Richardson), “On the Old Saw” (E.B. Ashton), or “On the Common Saying” (by M.J. Gregor and H.B. Nisbet), Kant explores the intricate relationship between theory and practice from three distinct angles. He addresses Christian Garve’s critique of his moral philosophy, differentiates his views from those of Thomas Hobbes, and engages with the ideas of Moses Mendelssohn. Together, these sections encapsulate the depth of Kant’s moral and political thought, ...

Kant is arguably the most influential modern philosopher, but also one of the most difficult. Roger Scruton tackles his exceptionally complex subject with a strong hand, exploring the background to Kant's work and showing why the Critique of Pure Reason has proved so enduring.

Born in Scotland, Alexander Dunlop Lindsay was a teacher of philosophy at a number of universities in England in the early 1900s. This brief commentary on Kant's philosophy is a work that focuses solely on some of the main ideas Kant put forth in the three Critiques. Although not comprehensive, the narrative style of this volume makes it a pleasant read and will be a valuable "break-in" point (or introduction to) the complex philosophy of Immanuel Kant. (Summary by SKwanlada)

In Does Capitalism Have a Future?, a global quintet of distinguished scholars cut their way through to the question of whether our capitalist system can survive in the medium run. Despite the current gloom, conventional wisdom still assumes that there is no real alternative to capitalism. The authors argue that this generalization is a mistaken outgrowth of the optimistic nineteenth-century claim that human history ascends through stages to an enlightened equilibrium of liberal capitalism.

Published in 1797, the Critique of Pure Reason is considered to be one of the foremost philosophical works ever written. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant explores the foundation of human knowledge and its limits, as well as man's ability to engage in metaphysics.

Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment? is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In the December 1784 publication of the Berlinische Monatsschrift (Berlin Monthly), edited by Friedrich Gedike and Johann Erich Biester, Kant replied to the question posed a year earlier by the Reverend Johann Friedrich Zöllner, who was also an official in the Prussian government. Zöllner's question was addressed to a broad intellectual public community, in reply to Biester's essay entitled: "Proposal, not to engage the clergy any longer when marriages are conducted".

The Critique of Pure Reason, published in 1781, by German philosopher Immanuel Kant, cornerstone of modern philosophy, is one of the most important works on metaphysics ever published and is often seen as the culmination of centuries of early-modern philosophical thought. The Critique of Pure Reason, also known as The First Critique, incorporates in-depth discussions on empirical reason, "pure" reason, human knowledge as a whole, space and time, cause and effect, and much, much more.

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) is the first of Immanuel Kant's mature works on moral philosophy and remains one of the most important in the field. Kant examines the core concepts and principles of moral theory, showing that they are normative for rational agents. He aspires to lay bare the fundamental principle of morality and prove that it applies to us. Kant offers the argument that the rightness of an action is determined by the character of the principle that a person chooses to act upon.

Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is a core text of modern philosophy. Presenting an examination of the nature of human reason, its central argument is that the way in which man perceives his environment is a direct consequence of the mind’s ability to act on this environment and convert it into something meaningful. The work brings together two opposing schools of philosophy—rationalism and empiricism—and proposes a third way, which came to be known as transcendental idealism. The work proved to be hugely influential, not least on Marx, Heidegger and Nietzsche.

Immanuel Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, first published in 1785, lays out Kant's essential philosophy and defines the concepts and arguments that would shape his later work. Central to Kant's doctrine is the categorical imperative, which he defines as a mandate that human actions should always conform to a universal, unchanging standard of rational morality.

Arthashastra' is one of the oldest books with immense historical significance written by Kautilya or Arya Chanakya as he was popularly known. This book is one of the most effective books ever written on the art of statecraft and the science of everyday living. Originally written in Sanskrit...

Analysis of the writings of Kant's contemporary, the spiritualist religious philosopher Swedenborg, whose ideas still have a following in present times.

The great figures of modern philosophy led generations to struggle with the most crucial of questions and break through a new understanding of conscience and existence. Nietzsche's work is radical, sometimes violent, often ironic; it fascinates anyone bold enough to delve into it, exerted a profound influence on modern intellectual history, and covers a wide range of subjects. Immanuel Kant is one of the most important figures of German philosophy, said to have affected a Copernican revolution in philosophy.

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) formulierte 1784 im Essay Was ist Aufklärung? eine der berühmtesten Definitionen der Epoche: „Aufklärung ist der Ausgang des Menschen aus seiner selbst verschuldeten Unmündigkeit." Mit klarer Sprache fordert er Eigenverantwortung, Vernunftgebrauch – und eine freie Gesellschaft, die kritisches Denken zulässt. Kants Text gilt als Schlüsselwerk der europäischen Aufklärung und ist bis heute aktuell – ein Aufruf zur geistigen Selbstbestimmung.