Hungary History

The Austro-Hungarian army that marched east and south to confront the Russians and Serbs in the opening campaigns of World War I had a glorious past but a pitiful present. Speaking a mystifying array of languages and lugging outdated weapons, the Austrian troops were hopelessly unprepared for the industrialized warfare that would shortly consume Europe.

Metternich has a reputation as the epitome of reactionary conservatism. Historians treat him as the archenemy of progress, a ruthless aristocrat who used his power as the dominant European statesman of the first half of the nineteenth century to stifle liberalism, suppress national independence, and oppose the dreams of social change that inspired the revolutionaries of 1848. Wolfram Siemann paints a fundamentally new image of the man who shaped Europe for over four decades. He reveals Metternich as more modern and his career much more forward-looking than we have ever recognized.

Rejecting fragmented histories of nations in the making, this bold revision surveys the shared institutions that bridged difference and distance to bring stability and meaning to the far-flung empire. By supporting new schools, law courts, and railroads along with scientific and artistic advances, the Habsburg monarchs sought to anchor their authority in the cultures and economies of Central Europe. A rising standard of living throughout the empire deepened the legitimacy of Habsburg rule.

Viennese ideas saturate the modern world. From California architecture to Hollywood Westerns, modern advertising to shopping malls, orgasms to gender confirmation surgery, nuclear fission to fitted kitchens—every aspect of our history, science, and culture is in some way shaped by Vienna. Richard Cockett gives us the entirety of an extraordinary story of how one city made the modern world—and how we all remain inescapably Viennese.

In 1930s and 1940s Vienna, child psychiatrist Hans Asperger sought to define autism as a diagnostic category, aiming to treat those children, usually boys, he deemed capable of participating fully in society. Depicted as a compassionate and devoted researcher, Asperger was in fact deeply influenced by Nazi psychiatry. Although he did offer individualized care to children he deemed promising, he also prescribed harsh institutionalization and even transfer to Spiegelgrund for children with greater disabilities, who, he held, could not integrate into the community.

As he rose to power, Hitler's hatred toward the Habsburgs and their diverse empire fixated on Franz Ferdinand's sons, who became outspoken critics and opponents of the Nazi party and its racist ideology. When Germany seized Austria in 1938, they were the first two Austrians arrested by the Gestapo, deported to Germany, and sent to Dachau. Within hours they went from palace to prison. The women in the family, including the Archduke's only daughter Princess Sophie Hohenberg, declared their own war on Hitler.

De la mano de Juana La Loca desembarcó en España una dinastía extranjera que había hecho de los matrimonios entre parientes su seña de identidad en el resto de Europa. Los Habsburgo ("los Halcones") aterrizaron en la península y pusieron la hacienda y la infantería castellana a disposición de sus disparatadas empresas. Cada generación más endogámica; cada vez más chiflados. Carlos I, el depresivo; Felipe II, el imprudente; Felipe III, el ludópata; Felipe IV, el vicioso; Carlos II, el endemoniado.

La Breve Historia de los Austrias se centra en contar la historia de la Casa Habsburgo utilizando como eje estructural los gobiernos de los reyes Carlos V, Felipe II, Felipe III, Felipe IV y Carlos II. Además, no solo trata de explicar el desarrollo de cada reinado, sino que también lo ubica dentro del contexto histórico que se vivía en cada momento como, por ejemplo, la reforma protestante con Carlos V, la expulsión de los moriscos de España con Felipe III, la Guerra de los Treinta Años durante el reinado de Felipe IV, etc.

Of The Lion of St. Mark, G.A. Henty wrote: "I have laid my story in the time not of the triumphs of Venice but of her hardest struggle for existence, when she defended herself successfully against the coalition of Hungary, Padua, and Genoa, for never at any time were the virtues of Venice, her steadfastness, her patriotism, and her willingness to make all sacrifice for her independence more brilliantly shown.

From the palaces of the Habsburg Empire to the torture chambers of Stalin's Soviet Union, the extraordinary story of a life suspended between the collapse of the imperial order and the violent emergence of modern Europe. Wilhelm Von Habsburg wore the uniform of the Austrian officer, the court regalia of a Habsburg archduke, the simple suit of a Parisian exile, the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and, every so often, a dress.

The clock was ticking on the Nazi plan to annihilate the last group of the Hungarian Jewry. After nearly suffocating in an underground bunker, Auschwitz prisoners Ceslav Mordowicz and Arnost Rosin escaped and told Jewish leaders what they had seen. Their testimony in early June, 1944, corroborated earlier hard-to-believe reports of mass killing in Auschwitz by lethal gas and provided eyewitness accounts of record daily arrivals of Hungarian Jews meeting the same fate. It was the spark needed to stir a call for action to pressure Hungary's premier to defy Hitler.

In meiner Familie gibt es ein Geheimnis. Niemand hat darüber gesprochen, als ich im Kärnten der Neunzigerjahre aufgewachsen bin – und doch war es immer irgendwie präsent. Dieses Geheimnis ist die slowenische Sprache, die im Dorf meiner Großeltern bis vor wenigen Generationen noch alle gesprochen haben und von der heute kaum mehr jemand etwas wissen mag. Denn hinter diesem Geheimnis verbirgt sich eine schmerzhafte Geschichte der Verfolgung, Vertreibung und der sturen, unnachgiebigen Assimilation. Ich hatte irgendwann genug davon.

Betrachtet man eine Karte der Donau, scheinen alle Fragen beantwortet zu sein: Der Fluss entspringt im Schwarzwald, passiert zehn Länder, strömt ostwärts durch die vier Hauptstädte Wien, Bratislava, Budapest und Belgrad, ehe er sich in einem riesigen, sumpfigen Delta ins Schwarze Meer ergießt. 2783 Kilometer ist die Donau lang, gemessen vom Zusammenfluss von Breg und Brigach – aber von der Quelle? Von welcher überhaupt? Da beginnen existenzielle Fragen, die – man glaubt es kaum – erst jüngst salomonisch entschieden wurden. Überhaupt ist das Abenteuer der Donau-Erkundung staunenswert.

Lernen ist Wissen, Wissen ist Macht. In Geschichtsbüchern und in den Schulen wird so wenig über die jüngste Vergangenheit berichtet. Vom Kuckucksruf und den Sirenen der Luftangriffe, von der Besetzung Wiens spannt sich der bewegende Bogen der vielen spannenden Tondokumente der österreichischen Nachkriegsgeschichte über den Staatsvertrag 1955, den Ungarnaufstand und das Treffen Kennedy-Chrustschow in Wien bis zu Bruno Kreisky.

Risolto il problema della successione con la "Prammatica sanzione" (1713), l'ascesa al trono d'Austria della figlia di Carlo VI, Maria Teresa d'Asburgo (1717-1780), aprì una fase di riforme anche per l'Austria. L'intero apparato di governo fu rinnovato, furono unificate le cancellerie d'Austria e di Boemia e le rispettive corti di appello. Maria Teresa fondò inoltre collegi per l'educazione e la formazione del personale statale.

Il ramo austriaco degli Asburgo (che detenevano il potere imperiale anche in Spagna e in molte altre regioni d'Europa) governò l'Austria, la Boemia e l'Ungheria per tutto il XVII secolo, non senza conflitti e guerre religiose, anche importanti, per la supremazia nei territori tedeschi, come la sanguinosa Guerra dei Trent'anni (1618-1648). L'audiolibro, oltre a raccontare la storia di questa guerra, la crisi del germanesimo e le vicende della dinastia cattolica, descrive la vita di corte nel secolo del Barocco e la rinascita della capitale Vienna.