Episode 31 - Fundus Photography & Angiography

In this episode, we explore the scientific foundations of fundus imaging and ocular angiography, building from core optical principles through to clinical vascular assessment.

We begin with the principles of fundus photography, examining how illumination and observation pathways are separated within the fundus camera, how reflection from the retinal pigment epithelium enables image formation, and how optical media clarity influences image quality. The role of filters, flash illumination, and photographic documentation in retinal disease monitoring is discussed.

We then turn to fluorescein angiography, analysing the physical basis of fluorescence — excitation and emission wavelengths, barrier filters, and the dynamics of sodium fluorescein within the retinal and choroidal circulation. We explain the normal angiographic phases, mechanisms of leakage, pooling, staining, and blockage, and how breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier alters imaging patterns.

Finally, we examine indocyanine green (ICG) angiography, focusing on its near-infrared absorptionproperties, protein binding, and improved penetration through pigment, haemorrhage, and fluid. Its value in imaging the choroidal circulation and conditions such as polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy is explained.

By the end of this episode, you will understand not only how these imaging modalities work, but why they reveal pathology in the patterns that they do — linking physics, vascular physiology, and clinical interpretation into a coherent framework.

Episode 30: Molecular Biology in Eye Disease

Welcome back to Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology.

My name is Dr Thomas Whitelaw and in Episode 30, we move from tissue-level pathology to the molecular foundations of eye disease. Today we explore how gene expression, oncogenic mutations, and molecular diagnostics shape modern ophthalmology.

Understanding disease at the molecular level is no longer optional — it underpins everything from inherited retinal dystrophies to ocular tumors and targeted therapies.

Episode 29 – Contact Lenses: Physics and Physiology

In this episode of Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology, we examine the science behind contact lens technology. Learn how different lens types—rigid, soft, hybrid, and scleral—interact with ocular physiology. We break down key physical principles like oxygen transmissibility and tear dynamics, and review the most common complications including hypoxia, infections, and inflammatory responses.

Perfect for ophthalmology trainees and clinicians aiming to better understand the physics and care principles behind safe contact lens use.

Episode 28 – Tear Film and Dry Eye Disease

Hi - I'm Dr Thomas Whitelaw - welcome back to "Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology" - this is Episode 28 - I hope you enjoyt it.This episode of Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology explores the essential structure and function of the tear film and its disruption in dry eye disease.

We examine each tear film layer, outline key causes of tear dysfunction including aqueous deficiency and evaporative loss—and walk through diagnostic methods like Schirmer and TBUT tests.

A concise yet thorough guide for clinicians and trainees alike.

Episode 27 - Basic Biochemistry of the Eye

Welcome to Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology, the podcast that breaks down complex ocular science into essential learning for aspiring ophthalmologists. I'm your host, Dr Thomas Whitelaw and in today’s Episode 27, we delve into the Basic Biochemistry of the Eye — a critical area to understand how the eye functions at a molecular level.

Episode 26 – Pachymetry & Corneal Topography

Hi, I am your host, Dr Thomas Whitelaw and in this episode of Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology, we delve into the essential diagnostics behind corneal shape and structure. Learn how measuring corneal thickness and curvature helps identify disease early — and why it matters in glaucoma, refractive surgery, and especially keratoconus.

We clarify the difference between topography and tomography, walk through common imaging systems, and highlight how these tools guide clinical decisions.

Ideal for trainees, surgeons, and curious clinicians looking to enhance their diagnostic acumen.

Episode 25 - Diagnostic Ultrasound in OphthalmologySubsections:

1. A-scan and B-scan Principles

2. Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)

3. Interpretation of Ultrasound Images

Episode 24 - Microbiology of Ocular InfectionsWelcome back to Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology. I'm your host, Dr Thomas Whitelaw and today we're exploring a critical topic in ophthalmic practice—the microbiology of ocular infections. From the most common pathogens to the body’s intricate defense mechanisms, and the ever-growing challenge of antibiotic resistance, this episode will help you deepen your understanding of ocular infection management in both clinical and surgical settings.